Упражненпе 25

А. Найдите определение, выраженное причастным оборотом с причастием II, и определяемое суще­ствительное.

Б. Переведите предложения.

1. Carried by theblood, hormones reach other cells in the body and stimulate these
cells.

2. Classified as a major tissue of the human body, blood is characteristically red,
mobile fluid.

3. Composed of connective tissue the dermis contains most of the accessory struc­
tures of the skin.

4. Composed of water, bile salts, bilirubin and cholesterol, bile is secreted by the
liver and stored in gall bladder.

5. Covered by a thin membrane, which allows them to move freely during breathing,
the lungs are extended and contracted by the combined movement of the
diaphragm and the rib cage.

6. Characterized by inflammation and painful swelling, abscess may occur in various
parts of the body.

7. Derived from the blood, lymph bathes the cells of the body, supplying them with
nutrients and absorbing their waste products.

8. Enclosed by a two-layered membrane, the nucleus contains a liquid called
nucleoplasm.

9. Formed in the bone marrow stem cells, polymorphs make up two-thirds of white
cells.

10. Monitored by receptors in the main arteries blood pressure can be controlled
through changes in heartbeat and the flow of blood through the heart.

11. First recognized by Chinese in the 3d century B.C., the biological clock is an
intrinsic mechanism that controls the rhythm of various metabolic activities of
plants and animals.

12. Originally derived from opium and now mostly synthetic, narcotic drugs are
exellent painkillers, but in excessive amounts they can cause coma or death.

5.4 Причастие II в функции обстоятельства

Упражнение 26

A. Найдите обстоятельство, выраженное оборотом с
причастием II (V₃) и укажите, каким союзным сло­
вом вводится этот оборот.

Б. Подберите к союзным словам соответствующие им по контексту русские эквиваленты:

1) " если", " при условии";

2) " если не";

3) " когда";

4) " до тех пор, пока не...";

5) " как только".

B. Переведите предложения.

1. The spleen cannot normally be felt from outside unless enlarged to three times
its normal size.

2. Bile is stored in the gall bladder until required by the stomach.

3. The muscle contracts when stimulated by nerve impulses.

4. Once formed, the new cells usually begin growing.

5. Once established, blockages of the coronary arteries are irreversible.

6. A cataract is a loss of transparency in the lens of the eye, which, if left untreated,
may lead to blindness.

7. If left untreated, the tumor may gradually spread into the surrounding tissues.

8. If not phagocytosed, cancer cells multiply forming metastatic tumours.

9. If diseased, the walls of the aorta can weaken, bulge and eventually start to leak.

10. If detected in its early stage, a cancerous growth may be removed surgically.

11. If caught by an adult measles can be very serious.

12. When combined with other nutrients, calcium is much easier to absorb.

13. When absorbed in massive amounts fat-soluble vitamins can produce acute
symptoms of vitamin toxicity.

14. When infected the tonsils become enlarged and can interfere with breathing.

15. When fully digested, proteins are changed into amino acids.

16. When fully developed, the heart is about 5 inches from top to bottom and about
3.5 inches wide.

17. When properly treated, anaemia results in no permanent heart damage.

18. When taken in small amounts, caffeine increases the circulation and it is con­
sidered harmless.

19. The physical manifestations of an illness, unless caused by mechanical trauma,
cannot be divorced from a person's emotional life.

20. Once fully developed, the disease rarely yields to treatment.

21. Noradrenalin, when administered, produces the same general effects as adre­
nalin, but is less potent.

22. A large number of chemical substances when taken into the body or applied to
the body's surface are capable of producing severe allergic symptoms.

Упражнение 27

(oбзорное)

A. Проанализируйте структуру каждого предложения
и определите его ядро.

Б. Найдите причастие II и определите его функцию в предложении.

B. Переведите предложения.

1. Through coordinated nerve impulses and muscular contraction, initiated in the
sino-atrial node of the right atrium, the heart pumps blood throughout the body.

2. The hormones produced by the anterior lobe differ from those made up by the
pars intermedia.

3. The most common medicine in treating arthritis is aspirin taken in large doses.
Taken this way, it is an antiinflammatory as well as a pain-killer.

4. Breast-fed newborns develop fewer infections than bottle-fed babies because of
antibodies and white blood cells contained in breast milk.

5. Bernard ['banad] (1813— 1878) showed that glycogen forms am energy reserve
held in the liver and muscles, which is converted to the simpler sugars when
needed.

6. The wear and tear of the coronary arteries, combined with their small size, provides
the background for the disease atherosclerosis, which, when complicated by
thrombosis, is such a menace to many young and middle-aged men.

7. Unlike most simple liquids that are not easily changed when exposed to air, the
physical and biochemical properties of blood undergo marked changes when
blood is taken from the body's circulatory system and, for example, placed in a
test tube.

8. There are more than 400 chemical substances called carcinogens which, when
introduced into the animal by subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection, are often
followed by a reaction on the part of the animal which results in cancer formation.

9. Most chemical reactions in living organisms only proceed sufficiently fast if
mediated by catalic proteins known as enzymes.

10. Skin grafting is the repair of injured skin by placing pieces of skin taken from elsewhere on the body, over the injured area.

5.5 Функции причастий

Упражнение 28

(обзорное)

A. Проанализируйте структуру каждого предложения
и определите его ядро.

Б. Найдите причастие I и причастие II и определите их функции.

B. Переведите предложения.

1. The heat produced by the body is the result of the oxidation processes occuring
during life.

2. Lymphatic system is a one-way system returning to the blood stream substances
not taken up by the venous capillaries.

3. Paralysis caused by neuritis freguently disappears when the disorder causing it is
corrected.

4. The distended thin-walled veins may be ruptured by increased venous pressure
or by the food passing through the oesophagus.

5. 999 is the number used in Britain when telephoning for the emergency services.

6. The most important function of sweat secreted by glands opening to the skin is
the regulation of body temperature.

7. The human brain is the most complex object in the known universe, with billions
of chattering neurons connected by trillions of synapses.

8. White blood cells, produced in the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue, engulf
invading bacteria and foreign bodies and aid the repair of injured tissue.

9. Deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle by way of the pulmonary artery,
which divides, sending branches to each lung.

10. If untreated, the infection may destroy kidney tubules, resulting in a need for
mechanical cleansing of the blood.

11. A defective valve fails to close completely or cannot open fully, thus disturbing
the smooth flow of blood required for normal functioning of the body.

12. When animals breathe ozone, it causes immediate inflammation in the lungs,
followed by a long-term abnormal stiffening, reducing the lungs' ability to take
in air.

13. The depth of sleep is very variable, ranging from deep dreamless sleep to light
sleep disturbed by afferent impulses and dreams.

14. Just as we can calculate the amount of fuel required to run an engine, so can we
assess the amount of energy-providing food necessary for the vital processes of
man.

15. When platelets come in contact with roughened or injured lining of a blood
vessel, the platelet cells disintegrate and combine with factors present in the
blood plasma causing the release of a substance called thromboplastin.

16. As the arterioles become smaller in size, the three coats become less and less
definite, the smallest arterioles consisting of little more than epithelium, surrounded
by a layer of smooth muscle.

17. From the capillaries, the blood, now depleted of oxygen and burdened with
waste products, moving more slowly and under low pressure, enters small vessels
called veins, ultimately guiding the blood on its way back to the heart.

Тексты для тренировочного перевода (к разделу 5)

1. The kidneys are the urine-producing organs of vertebrates. In humans the symmetri­
cal bean-shaped kidneys are situated on the upper part of the rear abdominal
wall, one on each side of the vertebral column. Each kidney consists of approximate­
ly 1 million nephrons and supporting tissue. The nephrons eliminate unwanted
substances from the blood, but remain important body constituents, so maintaining
the volume and composition of body fluids within normal limits.

2. Bile is a thick, bitter, greenish-brown fluid, secreted by the liver and stored in the
gall-bladder. Consisting of water, mucus, bile pigments, and various salts, it is
discharged through the bile ducts into the intestine. Bile helps in digestion and
absorption of food, particularly fats, and is itself reabsorbed, passing back through
the blood of the liver. In jaundice, obstruction of the bile ducts prevents dis­
charge, leading to a build-up of bile in the blood and deposition in the tissues.

3. The symptoms produced by the decrease in blood supply depend upon the
particular part of the body affected. Atherosclerosis of the arteries supplying the
heart weakens the heart muscle and is a common cause of heart diseases.
Atherosclerosis of the arteries of the brain may produce, in addition to hemorrhage,
many of the changes observed in senility.

4. The arterial system begins at the left ventricle of the heart with the aorta, which
gives off branches that subdivide into smaller and smaller vessels, the final divisions
called arterioles, being microscopic, and ending in a network of capillaries, which
perforate the tissue like the pores of a sponge, and bathe them in blood that is
collected and brought back to the heart by veins.

5. Circulated by the heart through the arteries, veins and capillaries, blood carries
oxygen and a variety of chemicals to all cells, acting as a delivery agent serving
the needs of all cells. Blood also takes away waste products, including carbon
dioxide, from various tissues to organs such as the kidneys and the lungs which
ultimately dispose these wastes to the environment. Thus, the blood serves as a
collecting agent.

6. The liver is composed of a great number of small lobules, each made up of liver
cells arranged in cords. The liver secretes bile more or less continuously, the
amount in 24 hours varying from a pint to more than a quart. There are many
chemical tests of liver function, each measuring a single process. Usually several
are done at the same time, because one function can be depressed while others
remain normal.

7. When the wave of blood forced out by the contraction of the ventricles passes
through the artery, it produces a distinct beat called the pulse. The pressure
exerted by the blood on the walls of the arteries is termed blood pressure. It
depends not only upon the force of heartbeat but also upon the elasticity of the
walls of the capillaries. The volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle at a
single beat varies from 70 cc at rest to 200 cc during exertion. The left ventricle
sending blood throughout the whole body must pump with more force than the
right ventricle sending blood only to the lungs.

8. There is enormous variation among cells in the body. Despite detailed differences,
most human cells are basically similar in structure. Each cell is an invisibly small
bag containing a fluid material called cytoplasm, surrounded by an outer skin
called the cell membrane. Within the cytoplasm are the nucleus and various
other specialized structures, known collectively as organelles. Formed from a
double layer of fatty materials and proteins, the cell membrane holds the cell
together. Its other function is to regulate the passage of materials into and out of
the cell, thereby enabling useful substances to enter the cell and waste materials
to leave it.

Тексты для контрольного перевода (к разделу 5)

1. The digestive system can be affected by microorganisms at one or more locations,
causing great discomfort and threatening life itself if nutrient losses become
severe. The signs and symptoms produced by offending microorganisms can be
useful in diagnosing disease. Stool consistency, presence of blood in the stool,
and temporal seguence of events following infection are indicative of certain
infections. Toxins produced by microorganisms can irritate the stomach and
intestines, causing vomiting, diarrhea, and resulting fluid loss and can interfere
with normal digestive processes along the intestinal tract, causing malnutrition.

2. A heart taken out of the body can be kept alive and beating if it is perfused with
a solution containing the proper concentrations of various ions. A mere portion of
the heart will beat if properly perfused. It was found, in this way, that different
parts of the heart will beat at different rates. That part beating most rapidly,
however, forces its rate upon the remainder of an intact heart, for each rise and
fall of electric potential moves out along the heart muscle from that most rapidly
beating portion and the rest of the heart must follow, having no opportunity to
set up potential fluctuations at its own rate. The most rapidly beating part of the
heart is therefore referred to as в pacemaker.

3. Hair is a long thread growing on the body of an animal, from a small pit in the
skin called a follicle. The follicles are tubes leading into the skin and lined with
sebaceous glands which secrete the oil covering the hair. Hair on the head stops
growing in many men in middle age, giving various degrees of baldness. Hair
production is a complex process involving cooperation between the dermis and
epidermis. The epithelial layer involved is called the hair matrix. Basal cells near
the center of the hair matrix divide, producing daughter cells that are gradually

pushed towards the surface. Those cells produced closest to the center of the matrix form the medulla, or core, of the hair, whereas cells closer to the edge of the developing hair form the relatively hard cortex.

4. Basal cell carcinoma is a malignancy of the dermis or of skin cells lining the hair
follicles that often results from mutations caused by overexposure to the ultraviolet
radiation in sunlight. Fair-skinned persons over 50 are the most commonly affected.
Dark-skinned people are protected by the higher amounts of the ultraviolet
radiation-absorbing pigment, melanin, in their skin. Tumor starts as a small, flat
nodule and grows slowly, eventually breaking down at the center to form a
shallow ulcer with raised edges. Unless treated, the growth gradually invades
and bites deeper into surrounding tissues. Basal cell carcinoma is highly treatable
but often recurs.

5. Asthma is a chronic disease in which periodic attacks are followed by periods of
remission of the symptoms. Typically an attack of asthma is characterized by a
coughing stage, followed by dyspnea and wheezing. Attacks vary greatly in severity
and duration, they may range from a slight period of wheezing to a prolonged
period of coughing accompanied by severe dyspnea. A cough producing sticky
mucoid sputum is symptomatic. People afflicted with asthma tend to overuse the
intercostal muscles in breathing, at the expense of the diaphragm. Asthmatic
attacks may be induced by exercise. The condition is frequently referred to as
exercise-induced asthma. Asthma is the most common and troubling respiratory
disorder for children.

6. Teeth are hard conical structures set in the alveoli of the upper and lower jaws,
used in mastication and assisting in articulation. A tooth is a dermal structure
composed of dentin and encased in cementum. The exposed part of a tooth is the
crown, the concealed part is the root. The crown has a thick covering of enamel
which is the hardest substance in the human body. In the center is the pulp cavity
filled with a connective tissue reticulum containing a jelly-like substance (dental
pulp), nerves and blood and lymph vessels. Covering the root of the teeth and
holding it in place in its socket, or alveolus, in the jaw is a fibrous connective
tissue called the periodontium. Its many strong fibers are embedded in the
cementum and also the wall of the tooth socket. The periodontium not only helps
hold the tooth in place but also acts to cushion it against the pressure caused by
biting and chewing.

7. Born to luxury but dissatisfied with a life of leisure, Florence Nightingale was
endowed with the intelligence of a scientist and the emotional drive of a reformer.
Desiring to help others, she came to focus her efforts on nursing care, studying
hospital reports and books on public health, inspecting hospitals in England and
other parts of Europe, and receiving some degree of nursing training in Germany.
Convinced of the need for reforms in nursing she opened an institution for care
of the sick in London in 1854. Accompanied by 38 carefully selected nurses
Florence Nightingale undertook the nursing of soldiers in the Crimea. She
demonstrated that skilled nursing care and improvements in sanitation in the
military hospital markedly reduced the mortality rates among British soldiers
wounded in the Crimean War. The fame of that achievement spread throughout
the civilized world.

8. Known in Europe by his Latin name Avicenna, Ibn Sina (980— 1037) wrote some of the most renowned works of medicine and philosophy in the Arab world. Born in 980 near Bukhara Avicenna began his education early. When he reached the age of 18, he had completed the study of all the sciences. Moving from patron to patron, Avicenna wrote more than 100 books. Occupied during the day with his duties at court as physician, he spent almost every night with his students composing his works and carrying out scientific discussions related to them. Avicenna composed " Book of healing", a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and the " Cannon of Medicine", a comprehensive work summarising the medical knowledge of the day. Translated into Latin around 1150, the " Cannon" became the medical authority for several centuries.

РАЗДЕЛ 6 Герундий (The Gerund)
6.1 Функции герундия