Студопедия

Главная страница Случайная страница

Разделы сайта

АвтомобилиАстрономияБиологияГеографияДом и садДругие языкиДругоеИнформатикаИсторияКультураЛитератураЛогикаМатематикаМедицинаМеталлургияМеханикаОбразованиеОхрана трудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПсихологияРелигияРиторикаСоциологияСпортСтроительствоТехнологияТуризмФизикаФилософияФинансыХимияЧерчениеЭкологияЭкономикаЭлектроника






Non-specific chronic low back pain






 

Human's spine can be compared with a skyscraper. It defies gravity, and defines people as vertical bipeds. This infrastructure forms the biological machine that secures the kinetic chain and transfers biomechanical forces into the controlled functional activity. The spine works as a channel for the precious neural structures and plays and important role in walking and lifting. Being subjected to the aging, human's spine adapts to the biomechanical loading through compensatory structural and neurochemical changes. Some changes cannot be adapted and that is why they cause pain. (Wheeler & Murrey 2005, 421-52.)

Low back pain can be acute and chronic. Acute low back pain lasts for 6 weeks of less. The pain can be sharp and severe. It might be caused by injury, trauma or disease. However, the pain can be dull sometimes and felt in different areas. This type of pain limits range of motion and daily activities. Chronic low back pain is a low back pain, persisting for 12 weeks or more. The pain is usually deep and dull. It becomes worse while long sitting or lying (Nusbaum, 2012).

According to diagnoses, low back pain can be divided into three categories. The first group is rare and it contains serious low back pain. It is only 1% of all low back pain cases that occur with patients. The second group describes radicular pain that occur because of nerve root irritation. It is only 5% of all low back cases. The last and the main group is a group of non-specific low back that happens in more than 94% cases (Luomajoki, 2010, 21).

Non- specific or nonradical low back pain is defined as low back pain that doesn't belong to any recognizable, known specific pathology (infection, tumor, osteoporosis, ankylosing spondylitis, fracture, inflammatory process, radicular syndrome, cauda equine syndrome) (Paatelma, 2011, 14). Low back pain in terms of nonradical or mechanical back pain describes the nature in which the patho-anatomical etiology is not known. It is associated with neurological symptoms or signs (Paatelma, 2011, 15). Generally, the pain is located in the spine or paraspinal areas (or both) and does not radiate into the leg. Moreover, nonradical low back pain is not associated with spinal nerve root compression. (Kerry H. Levin) Non-specific low back pain can be classified into 3 groups according to the time period: acute pain from 0 up to 6 weeks, subacute pain from 6 up to 12 weeks and chronic pain starting from the 12th week (Luomajoki, 2010, 21).

New classification system was set by O'Sullivan (Table 2). According to his work, only 5-10% cases of low back pain are specific. They have clear medical diagnoses. Other 90-95% cases are non-specific. Non-specific group is divided into non mechanical and mechanical (Luomajoki, 2010, 7).

 

 

Table 2. Classification of non-specific low back pain by O'Sullivan. (Luomajoki, 2010)

 

Mechanical non-specific low back pain Non mechanical non-specific low back pain
1.Movement impairment Directional, hypo mobility and pain. 2.Movement control impairment Directional or multidirectional “Central maladaptive pain” 1.Yellow flags 2. Physiological factors

 

Active movement control of the lumbar spine in action is called movement control impairment. Patients with low back pain usually do not have limitation in movement direction but they suffer from sustained postures. Movement control dysfunctions are also known as movement impairment syndromes. Clinically found instability in the lumbar spine and segmental instability can be called as a motor control impairment. These patients can also be described as patients with a postural syndrome. The definition of instability is often used to explain low back pain (Luomajoki, 2010, 8).

Many factors play an important role in the etiology of low back pain. Risk factors can be divided into several groups such as: physical load factors, psychosocial, psychological and individual factors (Paatelma, 2011, 13). There are different factors that influence on low back pain and movement control. It is evidence based that cognitive and psychosocial factors play more important role in chronic low back pain than any anatomical issues (Luomajoki, 2010, 21). Classification of cognitive and psychological factors is presented in Table 3.

 

 

Table 3. Classification of cognitive and psychosocial factors. (Website of Dissertations in Health Sciences)

1. Attitudes and beliefs of pain Patients suffer from fear-avoidance behavior. They believe that pain is dangerous and harmful. All this cause movement limitation.
2. Behavior Limitation or even avoidance of normal activity. Decreased activity level. Avoidance of physical exercises.
3. Compensation issues Lack of money to return back to work. Insurance costs, delay of income support.
4. Diagnosis and treatment Lack of professional treatment that lead to positive results. Unclear explanations and unclear diagnosis. Fear of becoming disabled.
5. Family Overprotective behavior of family members that surround patient.
6. Emotions Depressive condition due to pain. Fear and anxiety. Loss of motivation and positive thinking.
7. Work Intensity of previous work, history of work, educational background, psychological atmosphere at work place.

 






© 2023 :: MyLektsii.ru :: Мои Лекции
Все материалы представленные на сайте исключительно с целью ознакомления читателями и не преследуют коммерческих целей или нарушение авторских прав.
Копирование текстов разрешено только с указанием индексируемой ссылки на источник.