http://www.skase.sk/Volumes/JTL18/pdf_doc/02.pdf ej 13

One of the most important aspects of modality is lexical modality. C.J. Fillmore (" Verbs of Judging" in “Studies in Linguistic Semantics” (1971) was the first to categorize lexical items according to their meaning such as accusation (accuse, criticize, praise)

e.g. I accused him of cheating on her.

English has a variety of lexical means to express modality:

Modal nouns - examples of modal nouns include condition, degree, necessity, order, requirement, request, resolution and wish.

Modal adjectives include able, advisable, anxious, bound, concerned, crucial, desirable, essential, fitting, imperative, important, likely, necessary, possible, supposed, sure, vital, and willing. These create modal contexts of different degrees, depending on how the speaker or writer comprehends the situation.

Modal lexical verbs include advice, intend, propose, recommend, require, suggest, and wish verbs.

Modal adverbs are those lexical devices which function as markers of modality. They emphasize and disjunct something (c.f. Greenbaum et al 1990). Among the modal adverbs in English we find arguably, probably, maybe, possibly, perhaps, and surely adverbs.

Probably, it's the adverbs that get the most of the attention in English grammar (Quirk et al. 1985; Biber et al 1999; Huddleston and Pullum 2002).

A wide range of adverbs (actually, certainly, clearly, definitely, indeed, obviously, plainly, really, surely, for certain, of course) is concerned with the expression of modality.

e.g. I will come, indeed.

Surely, you can count on me.

No one cares, actually.

In terms of strength, there are 3 degrees for modal auxiliaries: strong, medium, and weak, these levels deal with the speaker's strong, medium and weak commitment to the truth of the proposition. However, Huddleston and Pullum distinguish 4 degrees of strength of certainty. Swan (1988) gives a list of 'modal adverbs'. His list includes all degrees of likelihood, he distinguishes between:

logical modal adverbs: undoubtedly, possibly, probably

evidential modal adverbs: clearly, manifestly, ostensibly

distancing modal adverbs: supposedly, allegedly

performative modal adverbs: assuredly, admittedly.

Modal adverbs in English are mainly of epistemic character. In epistemic modality, the expression of speaker's confidence is present and it is expressed with such tags as: I think, I guess, I believe:

e.g. The only thing I can do now is reaching the highest level of concentration, I guess.

This kind of tags are derived from clauses and they behave more like modal adverbs. They can occur in different places in the sentence and take initial, medial or final positions.

Another means of expression is the 'modal particle’, though this method is not common in English. Modal particles are not so popular in British English, but they are much frequent in American English. A good example is the application of words TOO and SO as contrary to what is said:

e.g. Affective is too a word!

There is so a Santa Claus!

Lexical means are used to express the content of apology. In this case we deal with modality markers such as:

downtoners - possibly, perhaps

hedges - kind of, sort of, somehow

mental state predicates - I suppose, I think, I believe

intensifiers - I’m so/very/really/awfully/terribly sorry

These intensifiers can replace each other and take each other's positions, i.e. they may be interchangeable, though there actually is difference in American English between 'very' expressing more etiquette and 'really' expressing regret. Hence, in order to sound more sincere it's better to say ‘I am really sorry’ to an American.
When expressing modal apology by lexical means interjection may also have an important role. Furthermore, for instance an interjection like ‘OH! ’ can replace a whole sentence like 'I am very sorry'.

4. Grammatical Means https://www.unm.edu/~jbybee/downloads/BybeeFleischman1995Introduction.pdf mood u modalityi mot nayel

Grammatical means of expressing modality is described as a group of different verb-forms (inflections) which express modality. Modality is expressed not only with modal verbs, modal words or expressions but also with three grammatical moods. Mood is the form of the verb that shows the manner in which a thought is expressed. Mood is that grammatical category which is intimately connected with the phenomenon of modality. Mood is as important to modality as for instance tense to time.

1.Indicative mood (realis[2]) is used when speaker wants to make statements (affirmation), reject something or express questions of actuality and likelihood.

e.g. New York is one of the biggest cities in the world.

Many people travel around the world.

Where does your sister live?

In English indicative mood is very popular. The majority of the uttered ideas are in the indicative mood.

2.Subjunctive mood (irrealis[3]): through subjunctive mood we express wishes, hypothesis, purposes, and even requests:

e.g. I recommend that you be more attentive.

If only I were an optimist, maybe everything would be much different.

I wish I had more time.

The subjunctive mood is distinguished from the indicative mood in the form of the third person singular, present.

3.Imperative mood: with the help of imperative mood speaker forms sentences that make direct commands, requests:

e.g. Come in and take your seat.

Open the window, it's very stuffy here.

Turn the music on and dance

Imperative mood is used in English quite often. When discussing imperative mood, it's proper to pay attention to 'deontic' modality which also has the same meaning. Both imperatives and ‘deontic’ modal sentences that have activity predicate carry future orientation.

e.g. Be thankful you still have people who care about you.

Another interesting aspect of imperative mood is that it may express requestive/imperative apologies, catching attention:

e.g. Excuse me, is that seat taken?

Excuse me, is this your wallet?

Excuse me! (in the auditorium) -this one needs special intonation which totally expresses dissatisfaction and each word is stressed. In this case we come closer to the field of phonetic means of expressing modality.

https://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/Lexical-Modality.htm

All in all, it can be concluded that modality is a multidisciplinary concept that in linguistics expresses different types of statements that are related to reality. Thus, scholars distinguish subjective and objective modality. In advertising texts modality is expressed using phonetic, lexical, grammatical and lexical grammatical means. The use of such a wide range of means is explained by the necessity of advertising texts of conveying its communicative purpose in short sentences or even phrases.

THE investigation in the last chapter shows various way an mean of expressing modality. obvioulsy every type is thouroghly studied, in spite of the very many contrasting theories on this aspect om modality. the reasearch showed very many distinct peculiarities of phonetic, lexical, lexicogrammatical, and grammatical means of epressing moodality. these four are closely related to each other, they are even interchangeable, and soemtimes it's hard to define which type we actually deal with.

https://www.unm.edu/~jbybee/downloads/BybeeFleischman1995Introduction.pdf mood u modalityi mot gnac chapter 2

CONCLUSION__This study aimed to identify the pattern of occurrence of mood and modality, compare the frequency of both systems in relation to the corpus, and account for differences in their patterning against available norms. The findings are summarised in this final section as concluding remarks. Mood represents 72 per cent of the data, 81 per cent of finite, and 100 per cent of VBGs functioning at the primary degree of delicacy in the clause structure. Declarative mood was dominant; it accounted for 55, 62 and 76 per cent of the data, finite VBGs and VBGs functioning at the primary degree of delicacy as predicators. Interrogative mood and imperative mood accounted respectively for 10, 11 and 14, and 7.4, 8.3 and 10, per cent of all three parameters. The non-polar interrogative was dominant. A VBG marked for imperative mood occurred every 53: 2 seconds, but its frequency was higher in Physics (41 seconds) and was highest (38 seconds) in segments of the lesson involving strict computation (It was 30 seconds in one segment). Roseline Abonego Adejare International Journal on Studies in English Language and Literature (IJSELL) Page 33 Modality accounted for 13, 14 and 17 per cent of the data, finite VBGs and VBGs functioning at the primary degree of delicacy as predicators respectively. The Epistemic-Root distinction was made at a ratio of 3: 2 in favour of Root meaning; only in Physics was Epistemic meaning significantly higher (63 per cent) than Root. PREDICTION was the most recurring specific modal meaning (37 per cent); it was Epistemic (80 per cent) and will (84 per cent) was the modal. Possibility followed with 27 per cent. Will, can, BE GOING TO, should, HAVE TO and BE ABLE TO were significantly more frequent, and would, could, must, may, might and shall less frequent, than reported. Mood occurred far more often than modality; it accounted for 72 per cent of the data and 81 per cent of finite as opposed to modality‟ s 13 and 14 per cent respectively. Significantly, all the VBGs in predicator function selected from the mood system whereas only 17 per cent made selection from the system of modality. Modality was however slightly higher than imperative mood and interrogative mood. Three factors explain the dominance of mood over modality in the data. First, modality is either marked or unmarked in a given VBG whereas every VBG in predicator function selects from the mood system. Second, with the exception of VBGs marked for imperative mood which do not also mark modality, all VBGs marked for modality are either declarative or interrogative in grammatical orientation. Third, modal auxiliary verbs, markers of modality, are a closed system whereas lexical verbs implicated in mood belong to an open set. These factors both reinforce and undermine the acclaimed similarities and differences between mood and modality. It is not known what proportion of a corpus of VBGs manifests mood (or any of its terms), or mood and modality, due to the dearth of studies on the subject mentioned earlier. So the figures reported in this study are and need further confirmation. However, there are established reports on the subject of modality which the current study supports or refutes. Thus this study confirms Coates‟ (1983) finding that there is a higher proportion of Root meaning than Epistemic meaning in formal spoken language; it also confirms the rarity of shall and the high occurrence of PREDICTION as meaning and the modals will and can, among others. Contrary to existing reports, however, the study found an instance where Epistemic modality was significantly higher than Root modality. It also found that with a frequency of 7 in 1, 000 words and 5.11 in 1, 000 words, will and can far exceeded the reported 4.2 and 3.5 occurrences in 1, 000 words by 67 and 46 per cent respectively and that shall was rarer still with a frequency of 1 in10, 000 words. As Physics shows, there are strong indications that a text‟ s subject matter dictates the pattern of modality marking. The need to predict relationships and results of mathematical operations made the choice of Epistemic modality imperative. This is where textual analysis as undertaken in this study comes in. Examining mood and modality together has revealed fresh facts about the similarities and differences between both systems. This should be consolidated.

[1] B. A. Ilysh ‘The Theory of English Grammar’, 1985.

[2] The moods which indicate the actions the phenomena from objective reality, that actually happened at some point.

[3] The moods which indicate actions and phenomena that haven't taken place.