Vocabulary. Jury trial – суд присяжных

Jury trial – суд присяжных

Legal proceeding –судопроизводство, процессуальные действия

Make a decision – принимать решение

Finding of facts – установление фактов

To apply – применять

Judge – судья

To distinguish – различать

Bench trial – суд без участия присяжных

Panel of judges – состав судей суда первой инстанции

Lay judge – судья, не являющийся профессиональным юристом

To incorporate – включать (в состав)

Routine use – обычное, установившееся, рутинное использование

Variety – разнообразие

Tiny share – очень маленькая доля

Overall civil docket – полный список судебных дел

Defamation – диффамация (разглашение позорящих другое лицо правдивых требований)

Suit – иск, преследование по суду, судебное дело, судебная тяжба, судебный процесс, судопроизводство

Entirely – полностью, всецело, совершенно

Elsewhere – где-нибудь в другом месте

Availability – доступность

To vary – варьировать, изменяться

To depend – зависеть

Courts of law – суды, действующие по нормам статутного и общего права

Tort – деликт, гражданское правонарушение

Private law – частное право

Damage – ущерб

Courts of equity – суд права справедливости, суд системы права справедливости

To seek an injunction – добиваться судебного запрета

Relief – удовлетворение требования, средство судебной защиты

Inquest – дознание, следствие

To give rise – давать начало, вызывать

Single trial – единственный суд (без повторных слушаний)

Appellate review – пересмотр дела в апелляционном порядке

A jury trial (or trial by jury) is a legal proceeding in which a jury either makes a decision or makes findings of fact which are then applied by a judge. It is distinguished from a bench trial, in which a judge or panel of judges make all decisions.

Jury trials are used in a significant share of serious criminal cases in almost all common law legal systems, and juries or lay judges have been incorporated into the legal systems of many civil law countries for criminal cases. Only the United States and Canada make routine use of jury trials in a wide variety of non-criminal cases. Other common law legal jurisdictions use jury trials only in a very select class of cases that make up a tiny share of the overall civil docket (e.g. defamation suits in England and Wales), while true civil jury trials are almost entirely absent elsewhere in the world.

The availability of a trial by jury in American jurisdictions varies. Because the United States system separated from that of the England at the time of the American Revolution, the types of proceedings for which juries are used depend on whether such cases were tried by jury under English Common Law at that time, rather than the methods used in English or UK courts in the present. For example, at that time English " courts of law" tried cases of torts or private law for monetary damages, but " courts of equity" tried civil cases seeking an injunction or another form of non-monetary relief. As a result, this practice continues in American civil laws, even though in modern English law only criminal proceedings and some inquests are likely to be heard by a jury.

In general, the availability of a jury trial has given rise to a system where fact finding is concentrated in a single trial rather than multiple hearings, and where appellate review of trial court decisions is greatly limited.

Jury trials are of far less importance (or of no importance) in countries that do not have a common law system.

Questions:

1. What is a jury trial?

2. What is the duty of a jury?

3. Are jury trials more typical for common law or civil law countries?

4. In what countries are jury trials used in a wide variety of non-criminal cases?

5. What does the availability of a trial by jury in American jurisdiction depend on?

3. Complete the sentences with the words and word combinations from the text:

Дополните предложения словами и словосочетаниями из текста:

1. A jury makes ….

2. At a … a judge or panel of judges make all decisions.

3. The … of a trial by jury in American jurisdictions varies.

4. In countries that do not have a … system jury trials are less important.

5. In modern English law only criminal … are likely to be heard by a jury.