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Citrus Germplasm 6 страница






M. paniculata var. ovatifoliolata of Swingle (1943) based upon the descriptions. However, neither author establishes the synonymy. Swingle limited M. paniculata var. ovatifoliolata to Australia, while Stone (1985c) and Jones (1995) divide the geo- graphic area of Swingle’s (1943) M. panicu- lata between the two species. Mabberley (1998) considers ‘ M. exotica var. ovatifolio- lata ’ to be the ‘wild plant … distinguished from the cultivated forms in its straggling habit, rather hairy shoots and broadly oval or ovate leaflets’. Molecular studies by Ranade et al. (2006) found M. paniculata to be less heterogeneous than M. koenigii and that M. exotica did not represent a distinct species from M. paniculata but rather mor- phologically distinct forms of M. panicu-


 

lata. Thus, this particular species complex (?) remains somewhat in doubt.

More distinct is M. koenigii, ‘Curry Leaf’. As its name implies, the aromatic leaves of this species are used as condi- ments in the preparation of curries and other Indian/South Asian foods. It is found both wild and in cultivation from the Indochinese peninsula through the Indian subcontinent. It has been taken and estab- lished as a cultivated type by diasporaed Indians in areas with suitable climates, such as the south-east Asian archipelagos and east Africa. In addition to the leaves, there are various medicinal uses of M. koenigii, and the small black berries are edible. Essential oils are also sometimes distilled. Murraya koenigii is a small spreading shrub up to 2.5 m high. In south Asia, it is found as an understorey plant up to 1500 m elevation. In ex situ collections, it seems fairly hardy and can be established in the field in Florida and southern California. For more information on M. koenigii, the reader is referred to Parmar and Kaushal (1982), Morton (1984) and Joseph and Peter (1985).

Murraya is commonly found in ex situ collections. However, commonly only a few accessions of M. koenigii or M. paniculata / M. exotica are maintained. Because of the importance of M. koenigii, there has been more horticultural character- ization of this genus (or at least of M. koenigii) than of most other Aurantioideae. Murraya is reported to be graft compatible with Citrus, but its reaction in this area is not as well established as with some other genera.

 

 

Merrillia

The monotypic genus Merrillia (M. caloxy- lon) has some unique characteristics com- pared to other genera in the Clauseneae. Swingle (1918), in his original description and naming, calls M. caloxylon ‘the most aberrant of the citrus fruits’. Recent molec- ular phylogeny work (Samuel et al., 2001) suggests that Merrillia should be included


 


in Murraya s.s. rather than being consid- ered a separate species.

It is similar to Murraya but with some unique fl ower and fruit characteristics. The pale yellow-green fl owers are the largest in the Aurantioideae; however, they do not open completely and thus become trumpet- shaped. The oblong, yellow-green fruits are also very large, with a thick, leathery, lacunose epicarp and narrow, fl attened, hairy seeds. Merrillia caloxylon is an attrac- tive plant in its fl oral characteristics and wood; but the fruit is best described as ‘interesting’. Tree heights of over 30 m were reported by Swingle (1943); this is much larger than most other specimens. The usual height is apparently half or less of the 30 m fi gure.

Merrillia caloxylon is native to Malaysia, where it is called ‘ketenggah’. It is considered rare or at least endangered (Jones, 1987, 1990; Stone and Jones, 1988). In 1988, it had only been collected three times in the wild since 1969 (Stone and Jones, 1988). Because it is rare, Merrillia is not encountered very often in ex situ col- lections and has not been well character- ized horticulturally (Table 4.3).

 

 






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