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II. Decide if each statement is correct or incorrect. If it is incorrect, find the answer in the text.






1) People from upper classes did not enjoy the plays of Shakespeare and Ben Jonson.

2) James I set up the Virginia Company with the purpose of exploring South America.

3) Under Charles I, Parliament passed severe laws against Catholics.

4) People could practise all religions freely in the colonies.

5) During King Charles’ s reign scientists made important discoveries.

6) The Parliamentary forces found Charles I guilty of treason and took him to prison on

30 January 1649.

7) For ten years, from 1649 till 1659, Oliver Cromwell and his son, Richard Cromwell,

governed Britain as a Commonwealth.

8) In 1660 the son of Charles I returned from abroad and became Lord Protector.

 

 

CHAPTER VI

THE RESTORATION

 

SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS

Charles II returned to Britain after his exile (ссылка) in France in 1660. The monarchy was restored, much to the joy of the British people, who were happy to have a king after the strict Puritan rule of Cromwell.

The seventeenth century was marked by great progress in science. The Royal Society was founded to encourage the study of science and one of its most illustrious (=famous) members was Sir Isaac Newton, who made outstanding discoveries in the fields of mathematics and physics.

He discovered the law of gravity and invented the reflecting telescope. Newton also performed experiments to show that sunlight is made up of several colours. During this period the compound microscope was invented by Robert Hooke, another famous scientist.

Fifty years after his death, Newton’s genius was captured (был отображен) in the portrait by the visionary (фантазер, мечтатель) poet and painter William Blake. It is not a realistic image, but instead symbolizes the scientist’s great ability to rationalize and understand the workings of the universe. Inspired by classical models and Michelangelo, the young nude (обнаженная фигура) is holding a compass, which shows how we can understand Nature by using reason and mathematics.

 

CATASTROHE AND THE NEW CITY

Between June 1665 and September 1666 two terrible catastrophes hit London. The first catastrophe was the plague (чума) of 1665, carried by rats in the dirty, crowded streets of London, which caused the death of about 100, 000 Londoners.

Then On Sunday, 2 September 1666 a fire started in a bakery (пекарня) in Pudding Lane. It soon spread very quickly. It burnt for five days and destroyed most of the City’s wooden buildings, and St. Paul’s Cathedral. Although it is estimated (подсчитано) that the Great Fire killed fewer than 20 people, it destroyed about 460 streets, more than 13, 000 houses and nearly 90 churches. It changed the face of London forever. Following the Great Fire all new buildings were built of brick and stone.

King Charles II asked the great architect Christopher Wren to design a new capital. Wren designed many churches and public buildings in the classical style, but his masterpiece was St. Paul’s Cathedral (started 1675 – finished 1710) with its magnificent dome (купол, свод). It is a Protestant cathedral decorated in a much simpler style than Catholic churches. The wide empty spaces and pure architecture of the interior are beautiful. Wren took his inspiration for the faç ade from classical and Baroque art. The great dome was inspired by the Italian Renaissance.

THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

During the Restoration the British Empire grew in North America and in the Far East. New products such as coffee, tea and sugar arrived from the colonies and became very popular, creating trade and wealth.

King Charles II died in 1685 and his brother James II, a Catholic, became king. He kept a large army and favoured Catholics with important jobs. Parliament resented (негодовать, возмущаться) this and when James had a son in 1688 the king’s Protestant daughter Mary and her husband, prince William of Orange, were invited to rule Britain. James II escaped (бежать) to France and this became known as the ‘Glorious Revolution’ (славная революция).

Prince William was not liked by the people, but his wife Mary was very popular. Upon her dearth in 1694 William ruled alone until 1702, when Mary’s sister, Anne, became queen because they had no heirs to the throne.

Queen Anne was the first monarch to rule the Kingdom of Great Britain. Scotland was formally united with England and Wales in 1707 by the Act of Union. She was the last Stuart monarch as she died in 1714 without an heir.

Despite her troubled and difficult life, Anne was a dedicated queen and helped support the Church of England. During her reign, parliamentary elections had a decisive effect on the life of the country for the first time.

One of the most important portraits of Anne by Peter Tillemans shows her at the opening of Parliament. She is sitting on her throne, surrounded by officials and members of the House of Lords; the Members of the House of Commons can be seen standing in the foreground (на переднем плане). The chamber is decorated with tapestries (гобелены), which show one of England’s greatest moments – the victory over the Armada (see chapter IV).

 

Do the following exercises:






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