Exercise 10. Put questions to the underlined part of the sentences.

1. Basic wing structure consists of left, center and right wing boxes. 2. Wing boxes arc built up from front spar, rear spar, stringers, ribs and top and bottom skins. 3. Damaged skin section may be repaired quickly by it's replacement.

Dialogue III

T. Look at the scheme. These are flaps. The flaps are auxiliary surfaces of the wing. The word " auxiliary" means " допоміжний". Where are the flaps hinged to?

S. They are hinged to the trailing edge of the wing.

T. Are the flaps located between the ailerons and the fuselage?

S Yes, they are.

T. Now let us consider the function of the flaps. When do the flaps operate?

S. The flaps operate during take-off and landing.

T. Yes, you are right. In these cases it is necessary to have enough lift to support the weight of the airplane. Do the flaps provide the main lift?

S No, I think they provide the additional lift.

T. What happens with the drag?

S. It is increasing.

T. Is it always useful?

S. The drag is useful only during landing.

T. For taking-off the flap angle should be small so that increased lift is obtained with little increase in drag. What helps to obtain little increase in drag?

S. A small flap angle helps to obtain little increase in drag, I guess.

T. In landing flaps play a very important part, as in landing the increased drag is of great importance. When is drag considerable?

S. Drag is considerable when the flap is well down.

T. So we can see that the flaps permit slower and safer flight, lower landing speeds, steeper angles of descent. «Permit» means «дозволяти». The word «safe» means «безпечний», «steep angle» – крутий кут. «Descent» is opposite to «climb». «Descent» means «зниження». What does the word «climb» mean?

S. «To climb» means " набирати висоту"

T. Pay attention to the translation of the words: slower – повільніше, safer – більш безпечний, lower – нижчий, steeper – крутіший.

Do the flaps permit slower landing speeds?

S. Yes, they do.

T. Quite right. That is why the flaps are deflected during landing. They permit landing on short fields. We may classify flaps according to their mechanical nature into: plain flap, slotted flap, split trailing edge flap and Fowler flap.

How do we classify flaps?

S. We classify flaps according to their mechanical nature.

T. «According to» means «згідно». In the plain flap the wing trailing edge is deflected downward. In the split trailing edge flap the shape of the upper surface of the wing is unchanged when the flap is lowered. The word «change» means «міняти». And with the prefix «un» it has a negative meaning. Translate the word «unchanged».

S. Незмінний.

T. Quite right. The split trailing edge flap creates more drag than the plain flap. The word «create» means «утворювати». The Fowler flap moves backward on a track. «Track» means «рейки». Which of the three flaps moves backward on a track?

S. The Fowler flap does.

T. The slotted flap provides a slot or opening between the wing and the leading edge of the flap. I think you know how to translate the word «open»?

S. Відчиняти.

T. And the word «opening» means «отвір». The word «slot» is «щілина». Does the slotted flap provide the slot between the wing and the leading edge of the flap?

S. Yes, it does.

T. What types of flaps do you know? S. I know four types of flaps. They are plain flaps, split flaps, Fowler flaps and slotted flaps.