Главная страница Случайная страница
Разделы сайта
АвтомобилиАстрономияБиологияГеографияДом и садДругие языкиДругоеИнформатикаИсторияКультураЛитератураЛогикаМатематикаМедицинаМеталлургияМеханикаОбразованиеОхрана трудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПсихологияРелигияРиторикаСоциологияСпортСтроительствоТехнологияТуризмФизикаФилософияФинансыХимияЧерчениеЭкологияЭкономикаЭлектроника
|
|
Glossary
| Term | Definition |
| Language | is the ability to acquire and use complex systems of communication |
| Profession | is an occupation, vocation or high-status career founded upon specialized educational training |
| Term | a noun or compound word used in a specific context |
| Special education | is the practice of educating students with special needs in a way that addresses their individual differences and needs |
| Mental process or mental functions | are specific human mental processes which occur in an individual mind |
| Perception | The process of organizing and using information that is received through the senses. |
| Memory | Is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. |
| Thinking | the action of using your mind to produce ideas, decisions, memories, etc. |
| Imagination | is the ability to form new images and sensations in the mind that are not perceived through senses such as sight, hearing, or other senses. |
| Volition (or will) | is the cognitive process by which an individual decides on and commits to a particular course of action. |
| Emotion | a person's state of feeling in the sense of an affect |
| Cognition | is the set of all mental abilities and processes related to knowledge, attention, memory and working memory, judgment and evaluation, reasoning and " computation", problem solving and decision making, comprehension and production of language, etc. |
| Speech | the vocalized form of human communication |
| Sign language | is a language which uses manual communication and body language to convey meaning, as opposed to acoustically conveyed sound patterns. |
| Development | the act or process of growing or causing something to grow or become larger or more advanced |
| Training | process by which someone is taught the skills that are needed for an art, profession, or job |
| Diagnosis | is the process of determining which disease or condition explains a person's symptoms and signs. |
| Special needs schools | are specialized for students with any type of physical, communicative, mental or social difficulties |
| Special needs school teacher | is a teacher who works in a special needs schools |
| Compensation | is a strategy whereby one covers up, consciously or unconsciously, weaknesses, frustrations, desires, or feelings of inadequacy or incompetence in one life area through the gratification or (drive towards) excellence in another area. |
| Zone of proximal development | often abbreviated as ZPD, is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help. It is a concept introduced by Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896–1934) |
| Adaptation | a change in structure, function, or behavior by which a species or individual improves its chance of survival in a specific environment. |
| Atrophy | partial or complete wasting away of a part of the body |
| Epilepsy | is a group of neurological diseases characterized by epileptic seizures. |
| Impairment/ disorder/ defect | is a permanent or transitory anatomical, physiological or psychological loss or abnormality. |
| Defectology | a branch of science which studies of the principles and characteristics of the development of children with physical or mental defects and problems of their education |
| The disabled/ handicapped | Persons with disabilities (mental, visual, hearing, speech, language, behavior, etc. disabilities) |
| The deaf | Persons who cannot hear anything. |
| The blind | Persons who cannot see anything. |
| The mute / dumb | Persons who cannot say anything. |
| The intellectually disabled/ mentally retarded | Persons who have developmental disorders. |
| Logopedics/ Speech therapy | a branch of defectology which deals with training children with speech defects |
| Speech therapist | a therapist who intoduces speech therapy |
| Speech impairment | a disorder of oral speech |
| Aphasia | is loss of the ability to produce or comprehend language. There are acute aphasias which result from stroke or brain injury, and primary progressive aphasias caused by progressive illnesses such as dementia. |
| Dysarthia | impaired articulatory ability resulting from defects in the peripheral motor nerves or in the speech musculature |
| Cluttering | a syndrome characterized by a speech delivery rate which is either abnormally fast, irregular, or both |
| Apraxia of speech | may result from stroke or progressive illness, and involves inconsistent production of speech sounds and rearranging of sounds in a word (" potato" may become " topato" and next " totapo"). |
| Verbal dyspraxia | also known as childhood apraxia of speech. |
| Speech sound disorder | involve difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonants, such as /s/ or /r/), and are subdivided into articulation disorders (also called phonetic disorders) and phonemic disorders. |
| Stuttering | a speech disorder involving hesitations and involuntary repetitions of certain sounds |
| Voice disorders (aphonia, dysphonia) | impairments, often physical, that involve the function of the larynx or vocal resonance. |
| Selective mutism | is an anxiety disorder in which a person who is normally capable of speech does not speak in specific situations or to specific people. Selective mutism usually co-exists with shyness or social anxiety. |
| Muteness | is complete inability to speak |
| Language-based learning disabilities | are disorders that involve the processing of linguistic information. |
| Rhinolalia | (nasality) defect of sound pronunciation, resulting from excessive or insufficient resonance in the nasal cavity. |
| Dyslalia | a speech disorder in which the patient uses a vocabulary or range of sounds that is peculiar to him. |
| Alalia(Speech delay) | refers to a delay in the development or use of the mechanisms that produce speech |
| Dyslexia | is a learning disability characterized by trouble with reading despite normal intelligence |
| Anarthria | partial or total loss of articulate speech resulting from lesions of the central nervous system |
| Lisp | a speech defect that involves pronouncing `s' like voiceless `th' and `z' like voiced `th' |
| Surdopedagogy/ Deaf-and-dumb pedagogy | a branch of defectology which deals with training children with hearing defects |
| Deaf children | Children who have no hearing at all |
| Hard of hearing children | Children who have from slight to profound hearing loss |
| Deafness | defined as a degree of loss such that a person is unable to understand speech even in the presence of amplification. |
| Mild hearing loss | for adults: between 26 and 40 dB HL for children: between 20 and 40 dB HL |
| Moderate hearing loss | between 41 and 54 dB HL[ |
| Moderately-severe hearing loss | between 55 and 70 dB HL |
| Severe hearing loss | between 71 and 90 dB HL |
| Profound hearing loss | 91 dB HL or greater |
Decibel, dB [  ]
| is a logarithmic unit used to express the ratio of two values of a physical quantity, often power or intensity. |
| Cochlear implant (CI) | is a surgically implanted electronic device that provides a sense of sound to a person who is profoundly deaf or severely hard of hearing. |
| Typhlopedagogy | a branch of defectology which deals with training children with visual defects |
| Visual (sight) impairment | is a decreased ability to see to a degree that causes problems not fixable by usual means, such as glasses. |
| Myopia | near-sightedness and short-sightedness |
| Hyperopia | farsightedness |
| Astigmatism | is an optical defect in which vision is blurred due to the inability of the optics of the eye to focus a point object into a sharp focused image on the retina. |
| Cataracts | is the congenital and pediatric pathology that describes the greying or opacity of the crystalline lens |
| Amblyopia | is a category of vision loss or visual impairment that is caused by factors unrelated to refractive errors or coexisting ocular diseases |
| Blindness | is used for complete or nearly complete vision loss. Blindness can occur in combination with such conditions as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, hearing impairments, and epilepsy |
| Deafblindness | Blindness in combination with hearing loss |
| Blind children | A category of disabled children who lost their sight completely |
| Children with poor sight | A category of disabled children who have weak ability to see |
| Oligophrenopedagogy | branch of defectology which deals with training children with intellectual disabilities |
| Intelligence | 1. one's capacity for logic, abstract thought, understanding, self-awareness, communication, learning, emotional knowledge, memory, planning, creativity and problem solving; 2. the ability to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to itself or other instances of knowledge or information. |
| Mental abilitiy | the power to learn or retain knowledge |
| Intellectual/mental disabilities | is underdevelopment of mentality |
| Down syndrome | is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21 |
| Infantilism | the immaturity in the development, preservation of traits of the previous age levels in the physical appearance or behavior |
| Idiocy | an intellectual disability of heavy degree |
| Imbecility | an intellectual disability of average degree |
| Moronity | an intellectual disability of easy degree |
| Dementia | also known as senility, is a broad category of brain diseases that cause a long term and often gradual decrease in the ability to think and remember |
| Orthopedics | branch of defectology which deals with training children with locomotor defects |
| Behavior disorder | disruptive, belligerent, or aggressive behavior for more than 6 months in a row |
| Autism | a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impaired social interaction, verbal and non-verbal communication, and restricted and repetitive behavior |
| Asperger's Syndrome | is a variant within the autism spectrum disorder (ASD) characterized by repetitive patterns of interest and behaviour and difficulties with socializing. |
| Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) | is a condition that impairs an individual’s ability to properly focus and to control impulsive behaviors, or it may make the person overactive. |
| Emotional Behavioral Disorder | affects a person’s ability to be happy, control their emotions and pay attention in school. |
| AnxietyDisorders | When a person has an anxiety disorder, they may feel fearful or uncertain almost all the time. |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) | is characterized by fears and irrational thoughts that lead to obsessions, which, in turn, cause compulsions, |
| Tourette syndrome (GTS) | is an inherited neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in childhood, characterized by multiple physical (motor) tics and at least one vocal (phonic) tic. |
| Severe Depression | is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, feelings and sense of well-being. People with depressed mood can feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable, ashamed or restless. |
| Bipolar Disorder | When children and adolescents demonstrate exaggerated mood swings that range from extreme highs (excitedness or manic phases) to extreme lows (depression) |
| Learning Disorders | Difficulties that make it harder for children and adolescents to receive or express information |
| Conduct Disorder | Young people with conduct disorder usually have little concern for others and repeatedly violate the basic rights of others and the rules of society. |
| Eating Disorders | When children or adolescents are intensely afraid of gaining weight and do not believe that they are underweight |
| Schizophrenia | Young people with schizophrenia have psychotic periods that may involve hallucinations, withdrawal from others, and loss of contact with reality. |
| Musculoskeletal system (locomotor) impairment | A person’s inability to execute distinctive activities associated with moving, both personally and objects, from place to place, and such inability resulting from afflictions of musculoskeletal and, or nervous system |
| Cerebral palsy | is a " persistent disorder of movement and posture appearing early in life and due to a developmental non-progressive disorder of the brain." |
| Poliomyelitis | often called polio or infantile paralysis, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus |
| Muscular dystrophies | The muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders with gradual degeneration of the muscle fibres. |
| Arthritis | joint inflammation, characterized by pain, swelling and limitation of joint movement |
| Stroke | is characterized by sudden loss of motor control usually hemiplegia i.e. involvement of face, arm and leg of one side. |
| Spinal cord injury | resulting in a change, either temporary or permanent, in the cord's normal motor, sensory, or autonomic function. |
| Amputation | is the removal of a limb by trauma, medical illness, or surgery. |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | also known as Lou Gehrig's disease and Charcot disease, is a specific disorder that involves the death of neurons. |
| Inclusive education | when children with and without disabilities learn together. There are 2 types of inclusion: regular and full |
| Integration | coordination of mental processes into a normal effective personality or with the environment |
| Helen Keller | an American author, political activist, lecturer and the first deafblind person to earn a bachelor of arts degree |
| Lev Vygotsky | a Soviet psychologist, the founder of a theory of human cultural and bio-social development |
| Louis Braille | was a French educator and inventor of a system of reading and writing for use by the blind or visually impaired. His system remains known worldwide simply as braille. |
| Hallucination | is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception. |
| Delirium | isacute confusional state, is an organically-caused decline from a previously attained baseline level of cognitive function. |
Данная страница нарушает авторские права?