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Word study. a Form nouns from the following verbs:






 

a Form nouns from the following verbs:

to declare –.................................... to develop –.........................................

to help –......................................... to trigger –............................................

to accelerate –............................... to legitimate –.......................................

to move –....................................... to support –..........................................

 

b Match the English and Russian equivalents:

 

to exert воспринимать
to perceive to secure оказывать расширять (ся)
to hover начинать
to embody to trigger to expand парить гарантировать воплощать

 

с Form the adjectives with the negative meaning:

desirable –........................... comparable -...........................................

dependent –......................... equal –....................................................

human –.............................. orderly –...............................................

 

d Underline the roots of the following words:

 

tyranny mankind victorious to fuel
bloodshed nonconformist costly populist

 

e Translate the following word combinations, starting with the last word, into Russian:

 

the independence movements...............................................................................................................................

the civil rights resolution......................................................................................................................................

that year's celebrations.........................................................................................................................................

anti-minority positions.........................................................................................................................................

f Underline the Participles, write down what Participles they are and translate the following into Russian:

 

the idea embodied in the document.................................................................................................................

expanding exports............................................................................................................................................

a growing number of politicians......................................................................................................................

guaranteed benefits..........................................................................................................................................

the developing world.......................................................................................................................................

g Encircle the ing-forms, write down what parts of sentences they are and translate the sentences into Russian:

 

1 It played a crucial role in bringing down some undersirable regimes............................................................

.............................................................................................................................................................................

2 For them exports to China seem more important than defending the human rights of the country................

.............................................................................................................................................................................

3 Even in the USA many politicians perceive human rights as a subversive liberal idea fueling too many demands for guaranteed benefits...............................................................................................................................

 

h Underline the predicates, write down the forms (Tense, Voice) of the verbs and translate the sentences into Russian:

 

1 The concepts of individual liberty and equality have exerted a comparable impact on mankind.....................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

2 The idea of human rights secured more equal opportunities than humanity had ever had before...................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

3 Many former dissidents have traded their interests in human rights for support of «law and order»..............

..............................................................................................................................................................................

4 An international concept has never formed as to what the concept of human rights include..........................

..............................................................................................................................................................................

 

i Explain the meaning of the following in English:

 

• to trigger a revolution

• a funereal aura hovered about that year's celebrations

• this idea fuels too many demands

 

§ Suggested activities

j Write out all the positive effects of the Declaration.

k Write down the drawbacks the Declaration has, to your mind:

 

1..........................................................................................................................................................................

2..........................................................................................................................................................................

 

l Act out a short discussion with your group-mates of the concept of human rights.

Text 2

 

The problem is that the right to development not only won't work, the demand for it also serves to blur responsibility for the economic deprivation of nations. In Africa, dictators and military leaders used the idea of traditional supremacy of society over an individual to destroy local communities, to rob their own populations and turn great parts of the continent into never-ending tribal wars zones.

The right to development has the support of the majority of members of the United Nations, so it is no wonder that many people in the West want to take human rights off the international agenda. The very idea of human rights becomes meaningless when rights are confused with needs, claims with entitlements, judicial processes with the goals of public policy, and individual rights with demands made by state leaders on the international community.

Disposing of the idea of human rights would be one way of dealing with confusion. But what to do then about the continued mass violation of human rights in much of the non- Western world? A better approach would be to return to the original meaning of human rights and accept that not every claim that invokes that phrase should come under the purview of an international rights protection regime.

What should be claimed as universal human rights are the minimum standards that can assure personal dignity regardless of cultural differences. Freedom of conscience and expression, freedom from arbitrary deprivation of liberty; freedom from torture, some guarantees of due process, right to assembly and freedom of association are obvious. Once the short list is ready, adherence to it should become the absolute prerequisite of behaviour required for membership in the international community of nations and for eligibility for all foreign aid-induding assistance from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Victims of abuse should be heard worldwide and receive international help. Sanctions could be imposed in cases of obvious violations. And when violations border on genocide the international community should be able to intervene.

 






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