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The Internet
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Memorize the following words and expressions
| array | массив (информации, данных) | fault-tolerant | нечувствительный к сбоям или отказам |
| networking technology | сетевые технические средства | backbone | магистраль; сеть передачи данных |
| to reshape | приобретать новый вид или иную форму | merger | слияние, объединение |
| redefine | переопределять; повторно определять | virtually | фактически, практически |
| blogging | блоггинг, ведение блога | name space | пространство имён |
| to boom | быстро расти (о ценах, спросе); создавать сенсацию | address space | адресное пространство; диапазон адресов |
| retail outlets | розничный магазин | underpinning | обоснование; основа |
| artisan | мелкий производитель | core | основной, базовый |
| supply chain | цепочка поставок | non-profit organization | некоммерческая организация, организация, не имеющая целью извлечение прибыли |
| origins | начало; истоки | loosely | свободно, широко |
| to reach back | уходить назад, в прошлое | affiliated | соединённый, связанный (c руководящей организацией) |
| robust | крепкий, сильный | to associate | присоединять(ся) в качестве участника, партнера и т. п. |
| distributed computer network | распределённая компьютерная сеть | to contribute | вносить вклад; содействовать; сотрудничать |
9.3 Read the text.
THE INTERNET
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries a vast range of information resources and services, such as the interlinked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support electronic mail.
Most traditional communications media including telephone, music, film, and television are reshaped or redefined by the Internet, giving birth to new services such as Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). Newspaper, book and other print publishing are adapting to Web site technology, or are reshaped into blogging. The Internet has enabled or accelerated new forms of human interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Online shopping has boomed both for major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries.
The origins of the Internet reach back to research of the 1960s, commissioned by the United States government in collaboration with private commercial interests to build robust, fault-tolerant, and distributed computer networks. The funding of a new U.S. backbone by the National Science Foundation in the 1980s, as well as private funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the development of new networking technologies, and the merger of many networks. The commercialization of what was by the 1990s an international network resulted in its popularization and incorporation into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of 2009, an estimated quarter of Earth’s population used the services of the Internet.
The Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own standards. Only the definitions of the two principal name spaces in the Internet, the Internet Protocol address space and the Domain Name System, are directed by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). The technical underpinning and standardization of the core protocols (IPv4 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit organization of loosely affiliated international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.
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