Sea routes

Sea route is the route from one port to another through open parts of the ocean or sea, and also through natural and artificial narrownesses (straits, canals, rivers, lakes). Main factors, which influence on sea routes formation are аs follows: weather, climate, depth and width of canal's fairways, navigational dangers and regions which have restrictions and are prohibited for merchant ships. Sea routes are subdivided into regional, international and coastal. Regional sea routes are formed in the limits of one continent for provision of transport communications. Marine merchant navigation is arran­ged in two basic forms: tramp (irregular) and linear (regular). Tramp navigation is arranged for Cargo delivery on various sea routes from time to time when necessary. There is no strict schedule. Points of loading and unloading are established in accordance with the voyage assignments per each passage. Linear navigation foresees system Organisation of cargo and passenger lines on definite sea route directions between ports of loading and unloading on fixed schedule. In dependence of the Cargo and passenger volume there may be one or several vessels to work. Coastal sea routes lie between the ports of one and the same state and may be realized between the ports of the same sea or be separated by several oceans, for example, between St. Petersburg and Vladivostok.

II. NOTES:

artificial - искусственный

subdivide - подразделять

schedule - расписание

for provision of - для обеспечения

assignment - задание, назначение

III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What factors influence on sea route formation?

2. What types of routes do you know?

3. What is the difference between tramp and linear navigation, if there is any?

4. What Shipping Companies do you know?

5. What restrictions and prohibitions for merchant vessels do you know?

Oral presentation 4

SEA PROTESTS

In every case of an evident or suspected damage to cargo during the voyage, the captain of the ship is to note a Sea protest within 24 hours of arrival and before breaking bulk. The Sea Protest is made before a notary public or the consul, or before other local authorities. On noting the sea Protest the Master of the ship is to call in a surveyor to hold a survey on hatches. The Master of the ship also acquaints the receivers of the cargo with this fact in writing. In this case the receivers may appoint a surveyor if they wish.

The hatches should be opened and checked in the presence of the surveyor to prove that they had been properly battened down and covered before the voyage. If the surveyor’s report states that the hatches were properly covered and secured and the cargo was properly dunnaged and stowed, the ship is discharged from responsibility for the damage.

At court the sworn testimony of the Master and other witnesses should be substantiated by the entries in the logbook. For this purpose extracts from the logbook should be taken and produced. The Harbour Master should make an official announcemenht for the information of all concerned about the Sea Protest declared.

II. NOTES:

Sea protest –морской протест

To lodge a sea protest – подавать морской протест

To go to law – подать в суд

To hold a survey on – производить осморт

To appoint – назначать

To give evidence - давать показания

To sworn testimony –показания под присягой

To substantiate – подкреплять доказательствами

III. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. Under what circumstances is the Master of the ship to lodge a sea protest?

2. What are the main points that should be takenb into consideration while drawing up a sea protest?

3. Within how many hours is the Master of the ship to note a sea protesr?

4. Who signs the sea protest?

5. What data are usually mentioned in the sea protest?

6. Why is the true copy of the logbook required?

7. Why is the Master to call in a survey on board ship?

8. For what purpose should the hatches be opened and checked?

9. What official document is the surveyor to issue?

10. Why is a copy of the surveyor’s report be retained by the Master of the ship?