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Money and Its Functions






Money has four functions: a medium of exchange or means of payment, a store of value, a unit of account and a standard of deferred payment. When used as a medium of exchange, money is considered to be distinguished from other assets.

Money as the medium of exchange is believed to be used in one half of almost all exchange. Workers exchange labour for money, people buy or sell goods in exchange for money as well.

People do not accept money to consume it directly but because it can subsequently be used to buy things they wish to consume. To see the advan­tages of a medium of exchange, imagine a barter economy, that is, an economy having no medium of exchange. Goods are traded directly or swapped for other goods. The seller and the buyer each must want something the other has to offer. Trading is very expensive. People spend a lot of time and effort finding others with whom they can make swaps. Nowadays, there exist actually no purely barter economies, but economies nearer to or farther from the barter type. The closer is the economy to the barter type, the more waste-fu1 it is.

Serving as a medium of exchange is believed to have for centuries been an essential function of money.

The unit of account is the unit in which prices are quoted' and accounts are kept. In the USA, for instance, prices are quoted in US dollars, in Japan, in yen. It is usually convenient to use the same unit to measure the medium of exchange as well as to quote prices and keep accounts in. However, there may be exceptions. During the rapid German inflation of 1922-23 when pric­es in marks were changing very quickly, German shopkeepers found it more convenient to use US dollars as the unit of account. Prices were quoted in dollars though payment was made in marks. The same goes for2 Russia and other post-communist economies who used the US dollar as a unit of ac­count, keeping their national currencies as means of actual payment. The higher is the inflation rate, the greater is the probability of introducing a tem­porary unit of account alongside the existing units for measuring medium of exchange.

Money is a store of value, for it can be used to make purchases in future. For money to be accepted in exchange, it has to be a store of value. Unless suitable for buying goods with tomorrow, money will not be accepted as pay­ments for the goods supplied today. But money is neither the only nor neces­sarily the best store of value. Houses, stamp collections, and interest-bearing bank accounts all serve as stores of value.

Finally, money serves as a standard of deferred payment or a unit of ac­count over time. When money is borrowed, the amount to be repaid next year is measured in units of national currency, pounds of sterling for the United Kingdom, for example. Although convenient, this is not an essential function of money. UK citizens can get bank loans specifying in dollars the amount that must be repaid next year.

Thus, the key feature of money is its use as a medium of exchange. For money to be used successfully as a means of exchange, it must be a store of value as well. And it is usually, though not always, convenient to make money the unit of account and standard of deferred payment.

 

Задание 2. Выпишите из каждого предложения текста грамматическую основу (подлежащее+ сказуемое), определите видовременную форму глагола и залог, определите начальную форму глагола.

 

Задание 3. Задайте вопросы к первому предложению:

· общий

· специальный

· к подлежащему

· альтернативный

разделительный

Задание 4. Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово из предлагаемых в скобках вариантов и переведите пред­ложения на русский язык.

1. Pounds (фунт) and ounces (унция) were traditional measures widely used in Britain, often (alongside / besides) metric measures before 2000.

2. Barter economies are believed to be more (convenient / wasteful) than the ones based on money.

3. We (distinguish between / accept both) real and nominal GNP.

4. (The exchange rate / barter) is known to be regulated by the Central Bank.

5. When measured, depreciation should be subtracted (вычитать) from the GN P to give a clear picture of the output that is (temporarily / actu­ally) available for national consumption.

6. Initially, gold and other valuable metals were used (to keep an account of/to store) wealth over time.

7. Large firms are supposed to have a better chance of obtaining a loan from a bank than smaller firms, though there may be (exceptions / ex­changes).

 

 

Задание 5. Найдите в тексте неличные формы глаголов (герундий, причастие настоящего времени, причастие прошедшего времени, отглагольное существительное, инфинитив, сложное подлежащее, сложное дополнение) и выпишите их.

 

 

ВАРИАНТ 9

 

1. Прочитайте и переведите письменно текст на русский язык.

 






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