Главная страница Случайная страница
Разделы сайта
АвтомобилиАстрономияБиологияГеографияДом и садДругие языкиДругоеИнформатикаИсторияКультураЛитератураЛогикаМатематикаМедицинаМеталлургияМеханикаОбразованиеОхрана трудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПсихологияРелигияРиторикаСоциологияСпортСтроительствоТехнологияТуризмФизикаФилософияФинансыХимияЧерчениеЭкологияЭкономикаЭлектроника
Ancient Germ. tribes and their classification.
|
|
Br. Isles populated for about 50000 years. But of course we can guess it only by some relic especially of archeological character. The only tribe we have some knowledge of (the most ancient one) is the Iberians - 3000 BC - small dark-haired race; peaceful: most of the objects, which are found now, can’t be identified as weapon.
The next wave Celts who reached the Br. Isles in 700 BC. It was the so called “ great migration ”. 3 waves and 2 large groups. The Celts were very war-like, very moveable. They lived under the tribal system in clans. They spoke the Celtic tribal tongues, remote ancestors of some tongues on the Br. Isles now, for example, of Welsh.
Julius Caesar arranged two main rades there: in 54-55 and 56 BC. The troops were not very numerous. A real occupation by the Romans began under the emperor Claudius in 43 AD - declared the Br. Isles a Roman Province. So they drove the native population (the Celts) further to the West and to the North (to Wales and Scotland), to the mountainous part. This occupation was beneficial for the Br. Isles because the Roman culture was higher than that of the Celts. They built splendid roads.
The most powerful and the most numerous of the Celtic tribes: Britons, Scotts and Pickts.
The Roman occupation - about 4 hundred years; through the 5th century the barbarian tribes began to attack the Roman empire, so the Roman troops had to be called back to defend it. At the same time the Franks occupied Gane which couldn’t but result in the Br. Isles be cut from the Roman Empire. A large group of the Germanic Tribes moved from the territory of Central Europe partly through Gane and partly through the sea, at the beginning their rades were short. And in 449 it was a real occupation. A great number of people together with their families moved to the British Isles. They came in 3 tribes: The Angles (3); The Saxons (2); The Jutes (1). The Angles formed three kingdoms: Northumbria; Mercia; East Anglia. The Saxons: Wessex; Essex; Sussex.
Since they lived under the tribal system the territory wasn’t a uniform state. It was called (the period) Heptorchy (семицарствие). The OE period of constant struggles and fighting between the Kingdoms for supremacy. At first Northumbria and Mercia were the most powerful kingdoms. But later the supremacy moved to Wessex which was the most powerful kingdom at the end of the OE Period, when it was headed by King Alfred the Great.
Pliny the Elder:
1) Vindili (Gauls and Burgundians; eastern part of Germanic territory)
2) Ingveoni (North-western part of g. territory, the shore of the Northern Sea including what is called now Nederland).
3) Istkveoni (the Western part of G/T on the river Ryhn, among them were francs)
4) Germioni (the South part of G/T, now it’s the southern German)
5) Pekvini or Bastarni (they lived closed to the place, which is now called Ruminia)
6) Gellivioni (Scandinavia)
7. First cons. shift or Grimm’s law.
Correspondence betw. I/E and Germ. cons. may be grouped under 3 categories: 1) I/E voiceless stops: p, t, k correspond to Germanic voiceless fricatives f, đ, h; 2) I/E voiced stops b, d, g correspond to the G voiceless stops p, t, k; 3) I/E aspirated stops bh, dh, gh correspond to the G voiced stops without aspiration b, d, g.
An essential feature of GLs separating them from other IE languages is their consonantal system, which developed from the original IE system. Called Grimm’s Law, or the 1st consonant shift.
| IE | Germ | Examples |
| / p / | / f / | Lat pater – Gothg fadar |
| / t / | / þ / | Gr tres – Eng three |
| / k / | / h / | Lat noctem – Goth nachts |
| / b / | / p / | RU болото – Eng pool |
| / d / | / t / | Lat duo – Goth twan |
| / g / | / k / | RU иго – Eng yuk |
| / bh / | / b / | sanser bhratar – Eng brother |
| / dh / | / d / | sanser madhu – OE medu |
| / gh / | / g / | Lat hostiss - RU гость – DE gast |
8. Verner’s law.
Not all correspondence stated in Grimm’s law are equal. In some cases in GL we find consonants which do not fit into Grimm’s Law (pater - fadar). Explanation of this exception was offered by the Danish scholar Karl Verner. If an I/E voiceless stop was preceded by an unstressed vowel, the voiceless fricatives which developed from it in accordance with Grimm’s low, became voiced, and later this voiced fricative became a voiced stop
Unstressed vowel+voiceless stop ® voiceless fricative ® voiced fricative -> voiced stop
/t/ ® /þ / ® /ð / ® /d/
/k/ ® /h/ ® /ɣ /® /g/
Lat patě r® OE fæ der
Besides that there is one more change under Verner’s low (s-z). In some cases s ® r. In West-Germanic and N-G lang’s acc. to the linguistic phenomenon rhotasism (подчеркнутое произношение r) s ® r.
|
|