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Typology of derivational systems
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1) Ways of enriching language vocabulary
2) A typology of conversion
3) A typology of affixation
4) A typology of compounding
Ways of enriching language vocabulary. Apart from borrowing which is an external way of enriching a language vocabulary there is also the internal way which comprises 3 basic types:
1) WORD-FORMATION
2) SEMANTIC CHANGE
3) WORD COMBINATION
Especially important for typology is word-formation which includes 3 principal means:
1) CONVERSION
2) AFFIXATION
3) COMPOUNDING
English has plenty of productive patterns:
| PATTERN | ENGLISH EXAMPLES |
| N > V | word, dress, camp |
| V > N | try, drive, go |
| Adj > N | round, good, mechanic |
| Adj > V | select, sallow |
| Adj > Adv | sheer, scarce |
| V > Adj | suspect |
| N > Adj | rose, summer |
Productivity of English conversion results in 2 consequences:
1) an indefinite number of identical word-chains correlated semantically(up to 5):
/e.g./ round: Adj > N > > Adv > Prep > V
2) semantic diversity of conversion relations: various types:
a) abstract noun > name of an action (dream > to dream)
b) concrete noun > name of an action (hand > to hand)
c) collective noun > name of an action (crowd > to crowd)
d) name of substance > name of an action (water > to water)
French is also characterized by conversion
| PATTERN | FRENCH EXAMPLES |
| N > V | clou “nail” > clouer “hammer a nail” |
| V > N | marcher “march” > la marche “marche” |
| Adj > N | franç ais “french” > franç ais “French” |
| N > Adj | sport “sport” > sport “sport” (as in “un robe sport”) |
| Adv > Adj | bien “good” > bien (as in “un homme bien”) |
| Adj > Adv | bas “low” > bas (as in “parler bas”) |
| Adv > N | bien > le bien |
| V > Adj | fatiguer “get tired”> fatigué “tired” |
| Adj > V | grand “large” > grandir “increase” |
In French, like in English the borderlines between parts of speech are fuzzy, hence identical word-chains correlated semantically:
fermer (V) “close” > fermé (Adj) “firm”(as in “ la terre fermé ”) > ferme (N) “farm” > ferme (Adv) (as in “ travailler ferme ” = “work hard”)
There is conversion in Russian, too, though it is less extensively used and all the patterns are non-productive.
| PATTERN | RUSSIAN EXAMPLES |
| V > N | ходить > ход, смотреть > смотр |
| N > V | глаз > глазеть, зёв > зевать |
| N instr > Adv | утром > утром, шагом > шагом |
| Adj short neut. > Adv | дело плохо > сделать плохо |
| Adj > N | столовая комната > столовая |
| V > Adj > N | ранить > раненый солдат > раненый |
| V > Adv | молчать > молча, стоять > стоя |
TYPOLOGY OF CONVERSION IN ENGLISH, FRENCH AND RUSSIAN
| Patterns Involved | Languages | ||
| English | French | Russian | |
| Parts of speech involved | |||
| N > V | + | + | + |
| N > Adj | + | + | - |
| V > N | + | + | + |
| Adj > N | + | + | + |
| Adj > Adv | + | + | + |
| Adj > V | + | + | - |
| V > Adj | + | + | - |
| N > Adv | - | - | + |
| V > Adv | - | - | + |
| V > N | - | - | + |
| Adv > N | - | + | |
| Adv > Adj | - | + |
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