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Linguistic characteristics of dialogue and monologue






Psychological peculiarities of dialogue and monologue have influence on the choice of linguistic means. Thus, a good conversationalist uses a great deal of elliptical forms; his usage of speech formulas and cliché s makes him use emphatic intonation, lots of interjections and non-verbal components. As a result, his speech is obviously rich in contracted forms and incompleteness of replies.

Any storyteller will tell you that making a narration interesting and sound is not an easy task. To begin with, monologue is the product of individual construction. It exists as a more or less lasting utterance of a single person addressed to his interlocutor or audience. Monologue is called one-way directed, for with monologue we do not expect any reaction in the form of loud speech. Linguistically, monologue is characterised by consistently coherent and syntactically complete sentences. Completeness of structures makes verbal information more detailed. Thus, sentences become complex and compound containing 23-25 words. To make his speech easier to comprehend, the narrator would use heterogeneous structures connected in logical consistency. Thus, special means of inter-phrasal cohesion become a vehicle of connection between separate semantic parts of monologue. It is cohesion that distinguishes monologic speech from a set of sentences produced at random. Phrases produced arbitrary, as a desultory chain can form a group of disconnected sentences. Not less than two coherent phrases make monologue.

Cohesionof monologue has two aspects: the psychological aspect and the linguistic one. In the first case, the coherence of ideas is meant. This coherence is expressed in the compositional-semantic unity of a text as a product of speaking. In the second case we deal with coherence of speech, which presupposes mastering linguistic means of inter-phrasal connection. The means of speech coherence are lexical and pronoun reiteration, conjunctions and adverbial conjunctions, adverbs, adverbials, articles and the like. E.g.: I have a friend. His name is Yura. Yura is 16. He is not a student, he is a schoolboy.

In this passage, the second sentence is connected with the 1st one with the pronoun reiteration (his name – my friend’s name), exactly the same way as the 4th sentence is connected with the 3rd one. Meanwhile the 3rd phrase is connected to the 2nd phrase with the complete lexical reiteration (Yura – Yura).

Another set of speech coherence means is the so-called oral speech formulas, framing the beginning and the end of an utterance (to begin with, I’d like to tell you, let’s leave it at that, to top it all and the like) and expressing the speaker’s attitude towards the subject of his speech (fortunately, unfortunately, in my opinion, it seems to me, etc.). E.g. Some people like spring and summer, others like winter. Strange enough but I like autumn best of all. It’s true it often rains in autumn… etc.

Such consistently coherent sentences obviously display the development of the key phrase in the phrases coming after. The so-called Idea Development is the specification of a thought providing additional information to this thought, its clarification, further explanation and so forth. However, consistency can follow a temporal scheme. E.g.: I want to write a letter. I go to the post-office. I buy an envelope, a stamp and writing paper. I write the letter, seal up the envelope and drop it into a pillar-box. In this example, the consistency of operations is purely temporal. An utterance like this could hardly be considered a real life monologue.






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