Russian language (1932-1953)

Soviet policy towards the Ukrainian language changed abruptly in late 1932 and early 1933, when Stalin established his firm control over the party and, therefore, the Soviet state. In December, 1932, the regional party cells received a telegram signed by Molotov and Stalin with an order to immediately reverse the korenization policies.

The telegram condemned Ukrainianization as ill-considered and harmful and demanded to " immediately halt Ukrainianization in raions (districts), switch all Ukrainianized newspapers, books and publications into Russian and prepare by autumn of 1933 for the switching of schools and instruction into Russian".

The Stalinist era also marked the beginning of the Soviet policy of encouraging Russian as the language of (inter-ethnic) Soviet communication.

Although Ukrainian continued to be used (in print, education, radio and later television programs), it lost its primary place in advanced learning and republic-wide media.

Ukrainian was considered to be of secondary importance, and an excessive attachment to it was considered a sign of nationalism and so " politically incorrect".

After the death of Stalin (1953), a general policy of relaxing the language policies of the past was implemented (1958 to 1963).

UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE (1958-1970)

The Khrushchev era which followed saw a policy of relatively lenient concessions to development of the Ukrainian language on the local and republican level, though it did not go nearly as far as the Soviet policy of Ukrainianization in the 1920s.

Yet, the 1958 school reform that allowed parents to choose the language of primary instruction for their children, meant that non-Russian languages would slowly give way to Russian in light of the pressures of survival and advancement—speaking Russian meant more opportunities.

RUSSIAN LANGUAGE 1970’s-1980’s

Parents were usually free to choose the language of study of their children (except in few areas where attending the Ukrainian school might have required a long daily commute) and they often chose Russian, which reinforced the resulting use of Russian only. In this sense, some analysts argue that it was not the " oppression" or " persecution", but rather the lack of protection against the expansion of Russian language that contributed to the relative decline of Ukrainian in 1970s and 1980s.

According to this view, it was inevitable that successful careers required a good command of Russian, while knowledge of Ukrainian was not NECESSARY, so it was common for Ukrainian parents to send their children to Russian-language schools, even though Ukrainian-language schools were usually available.

While in the Russian-language schools within the republic, Ukrainian was supposed to be learned as a second language at comparable level, the instruction of other subjects was in Russian and, as a results, students upon graduation had a more superior command in Russian than in Ukrainian.

GORBACHEV AND PEROSTROIKA 1980’s-1991

The start of the Gorbachev reforms, was slower to liberalize in Ukraine than Russia itself.

Although Ukrainian still remained the native language for the majority in the nation on the eve of Ukrainian independence, a significant share of ethnic Ukrainians used more Russian than Ukrainian. The Russian language was the dominant language, not just of government, but of the media, commerce, and modernity itself. This was substantially less the case for western Ukraine. This region became the center of a hearty, if only partial renaissance of the Ukrainian language during independence

in the modern era

Originally, all signs and voice announcements in the metro were in Ukrainian, but the language was changed to Russian in the early 1980s. In the perestroika liberalization of the late 1980s, the signs were changed to bilingual. This was accompanied by bilingual voice announcements in the trains. In the early 1990s, both signs and voice announcements were changed again from bilingual to Ukrainian-only during the Ukrainianization campaign that followed Ukraine's independence.