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Forecasts
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A prediction of expected weather conditions for a specified time or period of time and for a specified area or place, issued by the Meteorological services of the various States. In most areas, either or both long term (FT) and short term (FC) terminal forecasts (TAF) and area forecasts (FA) are routinely produced.
Terminal Area Forecasts: TAF, Route TAFs are issued every 3 hours with a validity of 9 hours. In North America they are available every 6 hours. They contain concise information for the expected weather conditions at specific airports during a specified period. As in METARs, the information contained in the TAF relates to various parameters presented in a standard sequence, not all of which may be present in any one report.
These include:
Surface wind
Visibility
Weather Expected
Clouds or Vertical Visibility
Here are some examples of this type of weather report:
SHORT TAFS TRANSMITTED BY COMMERCIAL PROVIDER VIA SITA
121200 FCEIDW 121200Z 121322 25010KT 9999 SCT025 BKN045
121200 FCEINN 121200Z 121322 05010KT 9999 FEW025 SCT045
121200 FCEICK 121200Z 121322 03012G20KT7000 FEWO22
SCT045 PROB30 TEMPO 1620 TSRA BKN020CB
121200 FCEGLL 121322 06006KT 9999 SCT020 BKN040 FM20 CAVOK
Area and Route Forecast provides information on winds aloft at selected altitudes, upper-air temperatures, significant en route weather phenomena such as icing or turbulence. These forecasts are provided for a given time period, altitude range and operational area. Area Forecasts provide an 18-hour synopsis of expected weather patterns, a 12-hour forecast of cloud cover and a 6-hour outlook.
SIGMET: Special warnings of hazardous, significant or extreme weather conditions, for example, severe icing, turbulence or sandstorms.
SIGMETS
WSIE no SIGMETS in operation for this area.
WSUK Sigmet 3 valid 121130/121300 London FIR SEV TURB OBS AT 1130
DVRFL250 MOV E 30 KMN WKN
Convective SIGMET: These are issued hourly for thunderstorms in the conterminous United States of America.
AIRMET: These concern less severe conditions which may nevertheless be hazardous to some aircraft or less experienced pilots.
Pilot report ( PIREP): A report made by flight crew describing actual in flight conditions.
In-Flight Advisories: These are issued for potentially hazardous weather.
They include SIGMETS, CONVECTIVE SIGMETS and AIRMETS.
The United States of America began changing the formats used in its weather reporting system with effect from 01 July 1966 and the new format, though very similar to the above, is slightly different.
Here are some typical Actuals or actual weather reports
METAR KJFK 051900Z 21010KT 23/45M OVC010 18/17 A2990
METAR KLAD 051903Z 21010G20KT 65M FEW015 22/17 A2987
SPECI KBOS 051905Z 21010G20KT 180V230 R22L/M600FT TSRA
OV010CB RMK PK WND 23023/15
The new TAF replaces the older terminal forecast with a definite forecast for a particular period of time. Here is an example:
TAF
KJFK 101730Z 101818 21015KT 45M-SHRA BKN030
FM2130 29020G30 35M +SHRA OVC020 TEMPO 2123 11/2SM TSRA
OVC010CB
FM2300 02008KT P6SM SHRA BKN010 OVC020 PROB400406
00000KT M1 SM-DZ FG
FM0900 10005KT 3SM-SHRA OVC010 BCMG 1200 14010KT P6SM SKC
Exercise 2.3.2 Answer the questions.
1. Why is information about weather essential for the safety of flights?
2. What is safety very much affected by?
3. Why is it necessary for a pilot to have any knowledge and understanding of climatology?
4. What factors are dependent upon local weather conditions?
5. What is meteorological service?
6. What factors does a pilot have to take into account in making his decision?
7. Is a pilot provided with printed weather reports?
8. What is METAR?
9. How often are special observations issued?
10. Forecast. What is it?
11. What is area forecast?
12. What do route TAFs contain?
13. What is the standard sequence of information in TAFs?
14. What is SIGMET?
15. How often are convective SIGMETs issued?
16. What is AIRMET?
17. What is PIREP?
Exercise 2.3.3 Give the English equivalents for the following.
Видимость; точка росы; температура; слабый дождь; изредка; выше/ниже нашего минимума; аэропорт назначения; небо, затянутое облаками; пригодный; погода по маршруту; антициклон; на эшелоне полета; турбулентность; прогноз погоды; ветер на высоте; встречный ветер; информация о погоде; важный; безопасность полетов; обледенение; сильные ветра; знание и понимание климатологии; зависеть от …; местные погодные условия; принимать решение; принимать во внимание; фактическая погода; тип воздушного судна; бортовое оборудование; опыт работы; навигационные средства; средства посадки; воздушное судно и все его пассажиры; анализировать; метеорологическое обслуживание; метеорологическое бюро; кратко информировать; текущая погода; в печатном виде; синоптические карты; карты ветров на верхних эшелонах; фотографии искусственных спутников; облака; кучево-дождевые облака; сильный дождь; грозы; время и дата наблюдения; сводка, бюллетень; метеонаблюдения, согласно расписания; каждые полчаса; метеорологическая сводка погоды; ветер у земли; вертикальная видимость; дальность видимости на ВПП; стандартный порядок; атмосферное давление; действительный; в течении двух часов; существенных изменений нет; временно; период времени; разные государства; долгосрочный прогноз; предполагаемая погода; температура в верхних слоях; важная метеорологическая информация; специальные предупреждения; опасные условия; песчаные бури; ежечасно; тем не менее; опытные пилоты; определенный период времени.
Exercise 2.3.4 Are the sentences true (v) or false (x)? Correct the false ones.
1. Information about the weather at the airports of departure and at the destination is not very essential for the safety of flights.
2. Safety is still very much affected by such considerations as visibility, turbulence and strong winds.
3. A pilot must have some knowledge and understanding of climatology, how the weather develops and changes.
4. A pilot mustn’t decide whether the flight may be operated safely to its destination on its normal route, divert or be delayed.
5. Navigation aids and landing aids are available at the various airports, but particularly at the departure and destination airports.
6. Weather information is collected, analyzed and distributed to airlines by the meteorological service.
7. The pilot may also brief himself by studying the weather information displayed on monitors or in printed form in the MET or Operations office.
8. Scheduled observations are issued every half-hour in Europe.
9. Scheduled observations are issued every half-hour in North America.
10. The operational information included in a METAR is not detailed in a standard sequence.
11. The pilot is provided with printed weather reports, forecasts, synoptic charts, upper level wind charts and sometimes, satellite photographs of the cloud distribution in the intended operational area.
12. Convective SIGMETs are issued every half-hour for thunderstorms in the conterminous United States of America.
13. Pilot report is made by flight crew describing actual weather in flight conditions.
14. The new TAF does not replace the older terminal forecast with a definite forecast for a particular period of time.
Exercise 2.3.5 Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.
1.
| A | B |
| 1. Wind | a. atmospheric conditions prevailing at a given place and time, that is, wind speed and gusts, visibility, amount of cloud and height of cloud base, precipitation, temperature and dewpoint, etc. Weather occurs generally within the troposphere |
| 2. Dewpoint | b. Meteorological Actual Report. The actual weather conditions as observed, measured and reported at a particular airport at a particular time |
| 3. Landing Aids | c. the service, whether public or private, which observes, measures and collects weather information and provides a weather forecasting service to the public and industry |
| 4. SIGMET | d. NDB; VOR. A radio or electronic device located in the aircraft or on the ground which provides position information to the aircraft in flight |
| 5. Broken | e. meteorologist who forecasts or predicts weather |
| 6. Weather | f. natural horizontal movement of air ranging from a light breeze to gales |
| 7. Climatology | g. the temperature of air at which the moisture (water vapour) the air contains starts to condense and visible water begins to form |
| 8. METAR | h. a TV or computer screen on which information is displayed |
| 9. Meteorological Service | i. predicted or calculated. In meteorology, a statement of expected weather conditions for a particular place at a particular time or period of time based on regular observations |
| 10. Navigation Aid (Nav Aid) | j. a chart displaying the weather conditions prevailing at a given time over a large area |
| 11. Monitor | k. Significant Meteorological Information. A weather warning issued concerning weather which may be a hazard to aircraft |
| 12. Forecast | l. in meteorological reports, between 5 and 7 octas of cloud, that is, more than 4 octas up to but not including 8 octas |
| 13. Forecaster | m. electronic or visual device to assist the pilot fly an instrument or visual approach and landing |
| 14. Synoptic chart | n. the science which studies climate |
2.
| A | B |
| 1. Synopsis | a. Terminal Area Forecast. The weather forecast for an airport issued by the Meteorological Service. Both short terms (FC) and long term (FT) forecast issued |
| 2. Satellite | b. Airman’s Meteorological Information. Weather warnings of less severity than SIGMETs such as moderate icing, turbulence or high winds |
| 3. Satellite photographs | c. Flight Information Region |
| 4. Bulletin | d. the building at an airport where arriving and departing passengers are processed. Other facilities such as banking, shops, restaurants, etc., are normally available in this building |
| 5. Real-time | e. temporary. In meteorological forecasts it signifies a short term or temporary (less than one hour) condition between the times stated |
| 6. Thunderstorm | f. immediate. Using or displaying information as it is gathered |
| 7. Station | g. place where the meteorological observations and records are made. This will normally be within the airfield |
| 8. AIRMET | h. summary, general view, overview |
| 9. TAF | i. irregular or uneven current of air. It is often experienced in cloud, especially cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds |
| 10. Convective SIGMET | j. special SIGMET issued for severe thunderstorms, tornadoes and squalls |
| 11. FEW | k. a report made by flight crew describing actual in-flight conditions |
| 12. FIR | l. a storm accompanied by thunder and lightning. |
| 13. Terminal | m. a manmade scientific vehicle intended to orbit the Earth or other planet |
| 14. TEMPO | n. photographs of cloud formation and weather patterns taken by satellite from above the earth’s atmosphere |
| 15. Turbulence | o. a brief notice issued by an authoritative source |
| 16. PIREP | p. cloud cover is more than 0 (zero) up to 2 octas |
Exercise 2.3.6 Complete the sentences with the words in column A in exercise2.3.5.
1. A pilot must have some knowledge and understanding of __________.
2. Safety is still very affected by such considerations as visibility, icing, _________, and strong winds.
3. Aircraft performance, alternate airport selection, routing, airways, runways and ___________ are affected by local weather conditions.
4. ______________ are available at the various airports.
5. Weather information is collected, analyzed and distributed to airlines by the ____________.
6. A pilot may also _________ himself by studying the weather information displayed on _________ or in printed form in the meteorological office.
7. A pilot is provided with a lot of printed weather reports, ____________, __________, _____________, upper level wind charts and sometimes __________ photographs of the cloud distribution.
8. The location and intensity of __________ cloud, heavy rain centres and _________ are provided on monitors and may be printed if required.
9. Reports of actual weather conditions are usually issued by the meteorological services of the various states and are usually transmitted in airport groups in ___________.
10. The operational information included in a _________ is detailed in a standard sequence.
11. __________ is a special warning of hazardous, significant or extreme weather conditions, for example, severe icing, turbulence or sandstorms.
12. __________ is a report made by flight crew describing actual in flight conditions.
13. ____________ concerns less severe conditions which may nevertheless be hazardous to some aircraft or less experienced pilots.
Exercise 2.3.7 What do the following abbreviations stand for?
| VOR ft TEMPO NOSIG kts MET office METAR SA SP RVR AFTN FT FC TAF CAVOK SIGMET PIREP AIRMET |
Exercise 2.3.8 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given in brackets.
1. Despite modern ______________ (technology, features, improvements) in aircraft design, safety is the most important factor.
2. Depending upon the actual and forecast _____________ (meteorological information, meteorological bulletins, meteorological conditions) the pilot must decide whether the flight may be operated safely to its destination on its normal route, divert, or be delay.
3. Navigation aids and landing aids are ____________ (normal, suitable, available) at the various airports, but particularly at the departure and destination airports.
4. A pilot may ___________ (teach, study, brief) himself by studying the weather information displayed on ___________ (strips, radars, monitors) or in the printed form in the MET office.
5. Reports of the actual weather conditions are usually transmitted in airport groups in ___________ (telegrams, charts, bulletins)
6. ___________ (SIGMET; AIRMET; METAR) contains special warnings of hazardous, significant or extreme weather conditions, for example, severe icing, turbulence or sandstorms.
7. A report made by ___________ (flight plan, flight attendant, flight crew) is a PIREP, which describes actual weather in flight conditions.
Exercise 2.3.9 Find in the text the synonyms for the following words and expressions.
Rarely; available; important; in spite of; meteorology; satellite pictures; aircraft operation; upper winds; to publish; if requested; to send; different; dangerous; heavy icing (turbulence).
Exercise 2.3.10 Speak on the topic.
1. Why is it necessary for a pilot to have a fundamental knowledge of the atmosphere and weather behaviour?
2. How is weather information passed to the aircraft?
3. What factors should a pilot take into account in making his decisions?
4. Have you ever experienced hazardous meteorological conditions during a flight?
5. Speak about your visiting meteorological office.
Section 2.4 Aeronautical Information Service
Exercise 2.4.1 Read and translate the text.
This service provides information necessary for the safety, regularity or efficiency of air navigation. Information is provided in a form suitable for the operational requirements of air traffic services and flight operations personnel (flight crews, pre-flight information services, etc.).
The State is responsible for providing this service. It may do this directly or arrange for the service to be provided by an agent. An AIS Service is responsible for the origination, publication and dissemination of aeronautical information within its own jurisdiction and is also responsible for the dissemination of aeronautical information received from other States.
Aeronautical information is published through various means including those described below:
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