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Білет 2






БІЛЕТ 1

Language incorporates the three constituent parts: the phonological system, the lexical system, the grammatical system. Only the unity of these three elements forms a language; without any one of them there is no human language in the above sense. The nature of grammar have the two planes of language, namely, the plane of content and the plane of expression.
The plane of content comprises the purely semantic elements contained in language, while the plane of expression comprises the material (formal) units of language taken by themselves, apart from the meanings rendered by them. The two planes are inseparably connected, so that no meaning can be realised without some material means of expression. This complexity is clearly illustrated by the phenomena of polysemy, homonymy, and synonymy.In cases of polysemy and homonymy, two or more units of the plane of content correspond to one unit of the plane of expression.In cases of synonymy, conversely, two or more units of the plane of expression correspond to one unit of the plane of content. Words in a language can be described in terms of two types of relationships: paradigmatic and syntagmatic. A paradigmatic relationship refers to the relationship between words that are the same parts of speech and which can be substituted for each other in the same position within a given sentence. Asyntagmatic relationship refers to the relationship a word has with other words that surround it.

БІЛЕТ 2

In English there are eight parts of speech.A list of parts of speech in English grammar include the following: 1. Verb A verb is used to show an action or a state of being go, write, exist, be 2. Noun A noun is a word used to refer to people, animals, objects, substances, states, events, ideas and feelings.. John, lion, table, freedom, love... 3. Adjective Adjectives are used to describe or specify a noun or pronoun good, beautiful, nice, my...4. Adverb An adverb is used to modify a verb, adjective and other adverbs. completely, never, there...5. Pronoun A pronoun is used in the place of a noun or phrase. I, you, he, she, it...6. Preposition Prepositions are used before nouns to form a phrase that shows where, when, how and why in, above, to, for, at... 7. ConjunctionConjunctions join clauses or sentences or words and, but, when... 8. InterjectionInterjections are used to show surprise or emotion. oh!, Good Lord

All grammarians agree that nouns have 2 grammatical categories: number and case. Number indicates quantity. Number has two values: singular: indicates one only plural: indicates two or more. Case expresses their relationship to the rest of the sentence. Case has three values (two of which do not apply to nouns): subjective (pronouns only): when the word is the subject objective (pronouns only): when the word is the object possessive (pronouns and nouns): when the word indicates possession (ownership) The existence of the category of gender is disputable. Some grammarians accept it, others reject, because there are only 2 suffixes to express it – ‘ion’ (hero - heroine), ‘ess’ (steward - stewardess). There are 4 different ways to distinguish between masculine and feminine: 1) By a change of word (cock – hen, man – woman, girl- boy, husband - wife)2) By a change of ending (actor – actress, god – goodness, tiger - tigress)3) Peculiar changes of ending (czar – czarina, wizard – witch, spinner - spinster)4) By placing a word-morpheme before or after the word (he-goat, she-goat, man-doctor, woman-doctor, Tom-cat, Pussy-cat) A noun that denotes a male gender is of the masculine gender (man, husband, boy); one, that denotes female is of the feminine gender (woman, girl, wife); one, that denotes either sex is of common gender (friend, cousin); one, that denotes neither sex is of the neuter gender (flower, rain, opinion). We shouldn’t confuse sex and gender. Sex is biological, gender is cultural. Gender describes an individual’s personal, legal and social status without reference to genetic sex, gender is a subjective cultural attitude. Sex is an objective biological fact. gender varies according to the culture Sex is constant.

БІЛЕТ 3

Verbs are a necessary component of all sentences. Verb typically express action, state, or a relation betweentwo things, and that may be inflected for tense, aspect, voice, mood, and to show agreement with their subject or object.

The English verbids include four forms: the Infinitive the Gerund the Present Participle the Past Participle

THE INFINITIVE

The infinitive is the non-finite form of the verb which combines the properties of the verb with those of the noun, serving as the verbal name of a process.

THE GERUND

The gerund is the non-finite form of the verb which, like the infinitive, combines the properties of the verb with those of the noun. the gerund can be modified by a noun in the possessive case or its pronominal equivalents (expressing the subject of the verbal process), and it can be used with prepositions.The general combinability of the gerund, like that of the infinitive, is dual, sharing some features with the verb, and some features with the noun.

THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE

The present participle is the non-finite form of the verb which combines the properties of the verb with those of the adjective and adverb, serving as the qualifying-processual name. The present participle of most verbs has the form base+ing (working, shoping)

THE PAST PARTICIPLE

The past participle is the non-finite form of the verb which combines the properties of the verb with those of the adjective, serving as the qualifying processual name. It is a single form, having no paradigm of its own. It conveys implicitly the categorial meaning of the perfect and the passive. The main functions in the sentence are those of the attribute and the predicative. (ex: gone, begun, done)






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