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Man’s use of environment

Man is an animal, and is part of the so-called " web of life’. There is, however, an important difference between man and all other organisms. To an unprecedented degree, man has been able to manipulate other species and the environment itself. In the process his numbers and needs have increased dramatically, and are still increasing. Yet the capacity of the environment to supply these needs is limited, and man’s exploitation of the environment tends to reduce that capacity clearly, this constitutes a co­llision course, vividly reflected in the axiom that, man’s future existence on earth is mot threatened by any species other than, himself.

The thesis I wish to expound is that failure to observe some ecological frond rules has put man into this position. Ecology is the study of organisms in relation to there environment; it deals with the environmental requirements of single species and with whole populations or communities, with the way in which organisms influence, and are influenced by, their environment; and with the way in which organisms interact with one another. If man is to persist on this planet indefinitely, I believe " he must adopt, a new ethic, based on ecological premises to guide his future activity.

I would like to consider first aspects of the evo­lution of the global environment itself, and of the way in which organisms live together, finally looking at the effect of man’s past activities, and pointers to the future.

A primary feature of life on earth is that organisms do not exist in isolation; instead the entire biosphere, is composed of a range of ecosystems each of which contains a number of spe­cies and a number of microenvironments. A forest, or a lake, pro­vides examples of typical ecosystems, but the scale can vary widely; the entire biosphere constitutes the earth’s ecosystem. A primary feature of an ecosystem is that it tends toward self-regulation. Solar energy is absorbed by the green plants of an ecosystem, to provide, through photosynthesis, the basic energy input, which is gradually consumed by metabolism through the food chain and dissipated as heat. Thus there is a flow of energy through an ecosystem starting from solar energy, passing through successive forms of chemical energy - at each stage, some ener­gy being lost as heat - until it is all dissipated.

Ответьте на вопросы в письменной форме

1) Do organisms exist in isolation?

2) What does ecology deal with?

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