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The Infinitive.
| The Infinitive is a non-finite verb form which names a process or an action. The Infinitive is the base form of the verb. We use it with particle to or without to. | ||
| 1. We usually use infinitives (to + verb) and negative infinitives (not to + verb) with to (full infinitive): | ||
| ○ after verbs | · We agreed to meet on Friday. | |
| ○ with equivalents of modal verbs: be able to, be allowed to, be permitted to, be to, have to, ought to | · We aren’t allowed to park here. · They are to arrive at p.m. · You have to fill in a form. · Children ought to help their old parents. | |
| ○ with be going to, be about to, used to | · We are going to buy a notebook. · The game is about to start. · There used to be a gas station here. | |
| ○ with verb + object | · Theyexpect us to arriveat seven. | |
| ○ after for+ object | · We’ve arranged for you to visit our head office. | |
| ○ with nouns | · You madea promise not to tellanyone. | |
| ○ after indefinite pronouns | · I’m looking for someone to help me. | |
| ○ with adjectives | · Are youready to gonow? · I’m happy to be here. | |
| ○ after question words | · Do you know where to go? · I wasn’t sure about what to do and what not to do here. | |
| 2. We usually use infinitives and negative infinitives without to (bare infinitivesi.e.base form of the verb)after: | ||
| ○ modal verbs: can, could, may, might, must, needn’t, shall, should, will, would | · I can’t stay long. · We could go to a night club. · I must speak to the manager. · Sarah will be away for three days. · It might rain later. | |
| ○ perception verbssuch as hear + object and see + object | · I didn’t hear Tom come in. · I’ve never seen anyone eat as much as our friend can. | |
| ○ had betterand would rather | · I’d better do it tonight, although I’d rather go out. · It’s late. You’d better weara coat. · I’d rather listen to Elvis than the Beatles. | |
| ○ the verbs let + object and make + object | · Please make her stop. · They won’t let us leave. | |
| 3. After the verb help, we can use an infinitive with or withoutto. | ||
| · Annyhelpedme(to) clean up. | ||
| 4. We usually leave out the second to when we join two infinitives with and or with or. | ||
| · Brian just wants to sit and ___ watch videos all day. · Do they intendto buy a flat or ___ rent one? | ||
| 5. We can use to or not to alone instead of repeating a verb or clause. But we don’t leave outthe verb be. | ||
| · Would you like to play? – I’d love to.___
· I was hoping to go with you, but I decided not to. ___
· Was Michael happy? – He seemed to be. (Not: | ||
| 6. We can also use infinitives to express purpose (= in order to). | ||
| · He only did it to get attention. (= He only did it in order to get attention.) | ||
| 7. We can use infinitives in clauses with objects, prepositional phrases and adverbs. We don’t usually put adverbs between to and the verb (a split infinitive) unless it is for emphasis. | ||
| · I want to (really) understand Islam. | ||
Used to + Infinitive and Be / Get used to + -ing form
| Used to do | Be / Get used to doing |
| Used to + Infinitivemeans that something happened regularly or went on for a time in the past. | Be / Get used to + ing formmeans that something is familiar and is no longer strange. |
| · I used to travel. (Means that in the past I regularly travelled, but I no longer do so.) · We used to play that game when we were younger. · I used to like fish but I never eat it now. · There used to be a dancehall here, but they knocked it down. | · I’m used to travelling. (Means that travelling is no longer strange or difficult because I have done it for so long.) · We’re used to getting upearly. We do it every day. · Sarah is used to working late at the office. · Most visitors in Britain are used to driving on the left. |
| We usually use didn’t use to in negatives and did... use to in questions. | We can also say get used to talk about things becoming more familiar. |
| · We didn’t use to have computers. OR · We never used to have computers. · Where did people use to buy their food before the supermarket was build? · Did you use to live in New York? | · It was difficult at first, but Mike soon got used to working at night. · After her husband died, the old woman hadtoget used to living on her own. |
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