Text 2. Read and translate the text into Ukrainian.

Basic Definitions in Tourism

The World Tourism Organisation distinguishes between three basic forms of tourism:

— domestic tourism, involving residents of the given country travelling only within the country;

— inbound tourism, involving non-residents travelling in another country;

— outbound tourism, involving residents travelling in another country.

International tourism consists of inbound and outbound tourism.

Tourism expenditure can be defined as " the total consumption expenditure made by a visitor or on behalf of a visitor for and during his/her trip and stay at destination."

International tourism expenditure is defined as expenditure of outbound visitors in other countries including their payments to foreign carriers for international transport.

Basic definitions of tourism were established at the United Nations (Conference on Tourism and International Travel, Rome 1963) and by the United Nations Commission on Statistics (April, 1968).

These definitions were revised and updated at the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) conference in Ottawa in June 1991 and certain recommendations were formulated.

These have been adopted by most countries. The WTO has published these recommendations in its report " Recommendations on Tourism Statistics."

The WTO's definition of the traveller moves away from the concept of the " visitor" and distinguishes between the " tourist" and the " excursionist." In fact, travellers can be categorised in four ways:

¾ Domestic visitors;

¾ International visitors;

¾ International tourists;

¾ Excursionist

The domestic visitor

For statistical purposes, the term 'domestic visitor' describes any person residing in a country, who travels to a place within the country, outside his/her usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose of visit is other than an activity for which he/she is paid within the place visited.

Domestic tourism is very significant in world tourism as it represents, on average, over 80 per cent of all tourism movements.

The international visitor

The term international visitor describes any person visiting a country other than that in which he or she has usual place of residence but outside his/her usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 months and whose main purpose of visit is other than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited.

Two factors differentiate visitors from other international travellers: their country of residence and their motivation for travel.

Certain types of travellers are excluded from the category of ‘tourist’ for reasons other than that of residency. These are:

- people travelling for political reasons: refugees;

- people travelling for political / professional reasons: migrants, members of the armed forces, diplomats, embassy staff;

- people travelling for professional reasons: nomads, border workers, seasonal workers, couriers;

- people sent abroad by their companies or government. These are considered residents of the country where they normally live (temporary immigrants);

- transit passengers and permanent immigrants.

Classification of international visitors

People who travel to work in a foreign country and are paid by this country have different motives for travelling than other visitors to the country. The WTO has devised a system of classifying international travellers which separates visitors that should be included in international tourism statistics from those that should not.

It is often difficult to identify and classify accurately each traveller in the global movement of people crossing borders.

Are they in transit? Are they in transit for more or less than 24 hours? Are they remaining in the airport or staying at an airport hotel? Will they visit the town? And so on.

The international tourist

A visitor whose length of stay in a country reaches or exceeds 24 hours, thus spending at least one night in the visited country, is classified as a tourist. If his length of stay in the country is less than 24 hours he is categorised as a same-day visitor.

International tourists are defined as:

Temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours in a country whose motive for travel can be described as being either for: leisure (pleasure, holidays, health, study, religion or sport); or for: business, family or work assignments.

Research and analysis: In tourism, research generally means collecting data — units of information — that can be put into statistical form, and the analysis means interpreting trends or deriving other meaning from the statistical figures.

Visa is a travel document that gives permission for a foreigner to enter, or in some cases to leave, another country. It is usually stamped in a traveller's passport.

Infrastructure means the facilities such as airports, roads, water, sewers, electricity, and so on that are necessary before development of an area can take place.

Social tourism is recreational travel that is paid for wholly or in part by; a government, a trade union or a similar organization. Even in countries where the tourist industry has less economic importance, there is a tourist bureau with official status.

A license is a document giving permission to carry on a particular kind of activity.

Travel statistics, as important as they are to the tourist industry, should be considered as estimates rather than accurate figures.

Text 4. Read and translate the text.

REGULATION, RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN TOURISM

The roles of government are vital to tourism. First, governments generally set the policy of their country, state, or locality towards tourism. They also regulate the different components of the industry on a day-to-day basis.

Second, they perform the research and analysis that result in statistics on the tourist industry. Third, they are often involved in the development of tourism in their areas. This is especially true in the developing countries, but it occurs in industrialized areas as well. Fourth, governments are actively engaged in promoting a flow of tourism. In many countries, tourism is so important that its interests are represented at the ministerial level of government. Spain, for example, has a Ministry of Tourism and Information.

One of the ways in which countries or regions can promote tourism is by relaxing the kind of regulation that usually comes under the heading of " red tape." Travel is made easier when there are no visa requirements and when the entry formalities are simple.

National policy can also discourage tourism. In some cases, this may work to prevent the country's nationals from travelling outward.

Any country can discourage incoming tourism simply by not providing accommodations and catering services or by restricting the length of time a traveller can stay in that country.

Some countries have set visa and entrance requirements that severely restrict entry.

Governments at all levels are also involved in day-to-day regulation of the tourist facilities, including various kinds of licensing. A license is a document giving permission to carry on a particular kind of activity after meeting prescribed standards and paying a fee.

Catering establishments must be inspected periodically in most localities to ensure that they maintain standards of cleanliness. An interesting kind of regulation is the official system, used in France and other countries, for rating accommodations establishments according to objective standards. Research involves travel statistics, tourist expenditures, the purpose of the trip or the tourist's reactions to his vacation. Much of the риrpose of research simply involves a classification count — business, pleasure, visiting friends or relatives, health and so on.

Deeper research tries to find out why tourists visited a particular resort and what their reactions were.

Still another kind of research in tourism involves trying to determine the social impact of tourism on an area. This has become an important factor before undertaking tourist development, in part because of the negative effect that tourism has had on many places in the Caribbean. Most governments now try to regulate the location and density of new developments, thereby spreading the economic benefits more widely.

Where government investment in tourism is not direct, there must be an indirect investment in the form of building or improving the infrastructure.

The infrastructure consists of those things that are necessary before development can take place — roads, sewers, electricity, telephone service, airports and water supply.

The facilities that are based on the infrastructure are often called the superstructure.

Another way in which governments encourage tourism is through training programs for service personnel.

Before a government undertakes tourist development, it usually attempts to determine the market potential — the number or per centage of travellers it can hope to attract.

This is followed by studies of the social impact and very often of the environmental impact — what tourism will do to the natural surroundings. The research is followed by the actual planning and development that include improvement of the infrastructure, financial arrangements, and construction of the superstructure.

The tendency at the present time is strongly in favour of careful research and planning instead of unrestricted growth and expansion.

Task 1. Find in the text answers to these questions:

1. Why are the roles of government vital for tourism?

2. How can tourism be promoted?

3. In what ways can travel be made easier?

4. How can national policy discourage tourism?

5. What is a license? Why is it important?

6. Why must catering establishments be inspected regularly?

7. What does research in tourism involve?

8. What is the purpose of deeper research?

9. Why is the social impact of tourism on an area important?

10. In what way can development of tourism affect the environment?

11. What is the role of infrastructure for development of tourism?

12. What is the superstructure?

13. How else can government encourage tourism?

14. What is the market potential?

15. What steps should be taken before starting tourist development?

16. What is the tendency in tourist development at the present time?

Task 2. Say what you've learned from the text about:

a) the roles of government for tourism development;

b) the ways of promoting tourism;

c) the ways of discouraging tourism;

d) licensing in tourism;

e) different lines of research in tourism;

f) the importance of infrastructure and superstructure in tourism;

g) the current tendency in tourism development.