Programmer

A programmer is someone who writes computer software. Ada Lovelace is considered history's first programmer. In October 1842 she was the first to express an algorithm intended for implementation on a computer, Charles Babbage's analytical engine.

International Programmers' Day is celebrated annually on January 7.

Computer programmers write, test, debug, and maintain the detailed instructions, called computer programs that computers must follow to perform their functions. Programmers also conceive, design, and test logical structures for solving problems by computer. Many technical innovations in programming - advanced computing technologies and sophisticated new languages and programming tools - have redefined the role of a programmer and elevated much of the programming work done today.

Programmers work in many settings, including corporate information technology departments, big software companies, and small service firms. Many professional programmers also work for consulting companies at client' sites as contractors.

Programmers' work varies widely depending on the type of business they are writing programs for. Although simple programs can be written in a few hours, programs that use complex mathematical formulas may require more than a year of work. In most cases, several programmers work together as a team under a senior programmer’s supervision.

Programmers write programs according to the specifications determined by systems analysts. After the design process is complete, it is the job of the programmer to convert that design into a logical series of instructions that the computer can follow. The programmer codes these instructions in one of many programming languages. Different programming languages are used depending on the purpose of the program. Java, C++ (pronounced " See plus plus") and PHP are popular programming languages for Web and business applications.

Programmers test a program by running it and looking for bugs. As they are identified, the programmer usually makes the corrections, and then rechecks the program. This process is called testing and debugging. These are important parts of every programmer's job. Programmers may contribute to user guides and online help, or they may work with technical writers to do such work.

Computer programmers often are grouped into two broad types: application programmers and systems programmers. Application programmers write programs to handle a specific job, such as a program to track inventory within an organization. They also may customize generic applications which are purchased from independent software vendors. Systems programmers write programs to maintain and control computer systems software, such as operating systems and database management systems. The rise of the Internet has made Web development a huge part of the programming field.

I. Translate the following words:

1) to express 2) to debug 3) to maintain 4) to conceive5) supervision 6) to recheck 7) to redefine 8) to customize.

II. Give the definition of the following terms:

1) debugging 2) computer program 3) technical writer.

III. Find and correct mistakes in the sentences:

1) Computer programs are wrote, tested and debugged by programmers. 2) New languages and programming tools must to redefine the role of a programmer. 3) The choice of the programming language depends from the purpose of the program. 4) Computer games may require a years to be written.

IV. Make ten questions of different types to the text.

V. Make a detailed plan for the retelling of the text.

VI Give the full name of the shortenings and explain the meaning:

PHP; HTTP