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The power plant the fuselage the wings the tail unit the landing gear
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PRINCIPAL STRUCTURAL UNITS OF THE AIRCRAFT
ICAO defines an aircraft as “any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other than the reactions of air against the earth’s surface”.
According to their use aircraft can be passenger, cargo (freight) and special mission.
The aircraft consists of five principal structural units, namely,
the power plant the fuselage the wings the tail unit the landing gear
The power plant is a source of power. The function of the power plant is to provide power forflight and to propel the aircraft. The main part of the power plant is the engine or engines. There are two main types of engines: piston and jet engines. The power plant also includes some systems:
– the fuel system,
– the lubrication (oil) system;
– the fire-prevention (fire extinguishing) system;
– the engine cooling system;
– the engine control system.
Each system has its function. The function of the fuel system is to provide the engine with fuel.
The fuselage is the body of the airplane to which the other sections are attached. It extends the fuselage from the nose to the tail of the machine. The size of the fuselage varies with the purpose of the plane but the main structure is the same forany of them. The fuselage can contain
– the flight compartment (cockpit);
– the passenger cabins;
– the galley;
– the baggage compartment;
– the cargo compartment;
– the toilets;
– the wardrobe (coat room);
– the technical compartment.
The flight compartment is normally in the forward (front) section of the fuselage. There is a window at the front of the flight compartment. It is called a windshield. On the port and starboard sides of the fuselage there are windows(portholes). The very front part of the fuselage is the nose. The very rear part of the fuselage is the tail unit (empennage). It consists of a fin and a horizontal stabilizer.The rudder is hinged to the fin and the elevator is hinged to the horizontal stabilizer. There is a tail wheel at the rear part of the fuselage on some aircraft.
The fuselage is the central body of the aircraft. It houses all passengers, crew, cargo, equipment and supports the tail unit, the wings and sometimes engines. The fuselages of modern aircraft are of all metal construction. The fuselage must be strong enough to withstand loads acting on it and have streamlined shape.
The most complicated section is the wing section.
The wing consists of three main sections: the centre panel, starboard and port main panels.
The wings are mostly metal structures which extend out on each side of the body of the aircraft. The wing may carry engines and fuel tanks. The wings are attached to the central panel.
The function of the wings is to create lift and support the aircraft in flight (in the air). There are movable parts in the wing: ailerons and flaps. The design of the wing depends on the size, weight and use of the airplane.
The tail unit provides directional stability and control of the aircraft in flight. The vertical surface or fin serves to support the rudder. The rudder is attached to the fin and controls the direction of flight in the horizontal plane. The horizontal surface or “stabilizer” supports elevators. The elevators control climb and descent of the airplane. The rudder and elevator are the movable parts of the tail unit.
On big aircraft, there is the main landing gear, the nose landing gear (nose wheel), and or the tail wheel.
The function ofthe landing gear is to support the aircraft on theground, to taxi theairplane and to absorb the energy of landing. Also its function is to reduce shocks during taxiing, take-off and landing. The landing gear consists of the main and auxiliary units. The main landing gear forms the principal support of the aircraft, when it is on the ground. Theauxiliary unit forms the auxiliary support. Most modern aircraft use the tricycle landing gear, thatis the landing gear with a nose wheel. The undercarriage can be fixed or retractable. The retractable landing gear is retracted during take-off and is lowered during landing.
When the aircraft is safely airborne the pilotbrakes the wheels and retracts the undercarriage. If the undercarriage is left in its extended position it reduces the rate of climb considerably.
In case of an emergency landing it is possible to land the aircraft withthe undercarriage retracted. This is called a “belly landing” or “wheels uplanding”.
Before landing the pilot extends the undercarriage, after take-off he retracts it.
The nose wheelprevents the airplane from nosing over upon landing.
Four forces act on an aircraft in flight: lift, weight, thrust and drag.
Lift is the force that supports the aircraft in the air.
Weight is the force by which a body is attached to the Earth.
Thrust is engine power. The force generated by an aircraft engine which moves the aircraft forward.
Drag is the retarding force acting on the wing or aircraft when it moves through the air.
An aircraft is supported by lift and moved forward by thrust. Lift opposes weight while drag resists thrust. In level and stable flight all four forces are equal.
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1 
Listen and practise these words and expressions after the recording.
| fuselage | lift | the main landing gear | portholes |
| Wing | the nose landing gear | wardrobe | rudder |
| Empennage | weight | the engine control system | the baggage compartment |
| elevator | cockpit | windshield | galley |
| Ailerons | the extinguishing system | thrust | fin |
| Flaps | undercarriage | engine nacelle | drag |
2 Listen to the recording. When you hear a pause, say what you think the next word(s) will be.
| power …….. | the fire-prevention …….. | the lubrication …….. |
| the tail …….. | the passenger …….. | horizontal …….. |
| the landing …….. | the engine cooling …….. | the flight …….. |
| the tail …….. | coat …….. | the technical …….. |
| the tricycle …….. | the cargo …….. | the nose …….. |
3 
Listen again and check yourself.
1 Tell about the FUSELAGE using the following scheme:
The fuselage
contains/consists of
1. the cockpit (flight compartment)
2. ……………………….
3. ……………………….
4. ……………………….
5. ……………………….
6. ……………………….
7. ……………………….
8. ……………………….
a Answer the question “What are the functions of the fuselage? ”
The functions of the fuselage are:
1. to house
a) ………………..
b) ………………..
c) ………………..
d) ………………..
e) ………………..
2. to support
a) ………………..
b) ………………..
3. to carry
a) ………………..
b) ………………..
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