Read the text below. Use the words given in Capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in the space in the same line

____ building materials are used for making ballast. Crushed stone and gravel are the most _____ of them. However, these materials are rather _____. Recently, a cheaper but very _____ substitute has been found. It is blast furnace slag. In the early days, ballast to be laid on the track had been brought to the site in wagons. Gangs of workers _____ with shovels spread it over the track to make a firm _____. Nowadays, special ballast trains are used. Loose stone is discharged _____ on the track, as the train moves _____ along the railroad route. The crews of workers then finish the _____.

VARY SUIT COST EFFECT     ARM   FOUND   DIRECT SLOW OPERATE

IV

Change Active Constructions into Passive

1. Engineers are building a new multiple-track line in this region.

2. They have just constructed this modern track to link central and eastern regions of the country.

3. The railroad engineers installed high-quality steel rails and concrete sleepers on this line.

4. All countries have adopted a standard gauge for their railroads.

5. Railroad builders use steel fishplates to join rails end-to-end.

6. Workers weld together standard rails to make continuous welded rails.

7. Engineers used crushed stone and gravel to make good ballast.

8. Engineers employ special equipment to make the land for the roadbed smooth and level.

9. Railroad engineers planned the route for the future railroad line with the least possible grades and curves.

10. Steep grades limit both the speeds of trains and the loads carried.

11. Engineers often design railroad bridges and tunnels along the route.

First, student A will write three questions using three of the words in the first column, and student B will write three questions using three of the words in the second column. Then partners will exchange papers and write the answers. Discuss your answers with your partner