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Irregular Plurals
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Some nouns are exceptions when it comes to making them plural. These nouns are called irregular plurals. When these irregular nouns become plural, their spelling changes in a different way, or it might not change at all. Here are some very tricky irregular nouns.
| Singular | Plural |
| -f /-fe is changed to - ves in the plural | |
| Calf elf dwarf half hoof knife leaf life loaf scarf self sheaf shelf thief wife wolf | calves elves dwarves/dwarfs halves hooves/hoofs knives leaves lives loaves scarves/scarfs selves sheaves shelves thieves wives wolves |
| Nouns ending in -f /-fe have the plural inflexion –s in the regular way | |
| belief brief proof chief safe cliff gulf reef grief handkerchief roof sheriff staff | beliefs briefs proofs chiefs safes cliffs gulfs reefs griefs handkerchiefs roofs sheriffs staffs +proper nouns |
| Some nouns change the vowel sound in becoming plural | |
| man fireman woman foot goose tooth louse mouse child ox | men firemen women feet geese teeth lice mice children oxen |
| - o becomes - os | |
| auto kangaroo kilo memo photo piano pro solo soprano studio tattoo video zoo | autos kangaroos kilos memos photos pianos pros solos sopranos studios tattoos videos zoos |
| - o becomes - oes | |
| echo embargo hero potato tomato torpedo veto | Echoes embargoes heroes potatoes tomatoes torpedoes vetoes |
| - o becomes either - s or - es: | |
| buffalo cargo mosquito motto tornado volcano zero | buffalos/buffaloes cargos/cargoes mosquitos/mosquitoes mottos/mottoes tornados/tornadoes volcanos/volcanoes zeros/zeroes |
| Some nouns do not change at all | |
| bison deer fish offspring sheep moose swine | bison deer fish, fishes offspring sheep moose swine |
| Nouns ending in - us with plural - i: | |
| alumnus bacillus focus fungus hippopotamus nucleus octopus radius stegosaurus stimulus syllabus terminus | alumni bacilli foci fungi/funguses hippopotami/hippopotamuses nuclei octopi/octopuses radii stegosauri stimuli syllabi/syllabuses termini |
| Nouns ending in - um with plural - a: | |
| Bacterium Curriculum datum erratum medium memorandum symposium stratum | Bacteria curricula /curriculums data errata media memoranda/memorandums symposia/symposiums strata |
| Nouns ending in - ex, - ix becoming plural - ices: | |
| appendix cervix index matrix | appendices/ appendixes cervices/cervixes indices/indexes matrices/matrixes |
| Nouns ending in - is becoming - es in plural: | |
| analysis axis basis crisis diagnosis emphasis hypothesis oasis parenthesis synopsis thesis | analyses axes bases crises diagnoses emphases hypotheses oases parentheses synopses theses |
| Nouns ending in - on becoming - a: | |
| criterion phenomenon automaton | criteria phenomena automata |
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