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Answer the following questions. 1. What are the engineering metals?
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1. What are the engineering metals?
2. What are the two groups of metals?
3. What do ferrous metals consist of?
4. When are ferrous metals used?
5. What are the two general forms of ferrous metals?
6. Where is pig iron produced?
7. How are called the forms where two metals are melted and poured?
8. When is the cupola furnace used?
9. What is used for making malleable iron castings?
10. What is used for making steel?
11. What is used in melting non-ferrous metals?
12. What fuels are mostly employed for melting metals?
UNIT 5: Metalworking and welding
Metalworking processes
Word list:
| useful – корисний, придатний rolling – прокатування extrusion – штампування видавлю-ванням drawing – волочіння forging – кування sheet-metal forming –формування листового металу hot working– гаряча обробка condition – стан, умова to perform – виконувати, робити cold working– холодна обробка to harden – загартовувати, зміцню-вати to crack – розколювати(ся); тріска-тися shееt – лист smooth – гладкий, рівний to push– штовхати; просувати billet – заготовка, болванка orifice – отвір die – штамп для карбування; пуан-сон; штемпель; матриця | cross section – поперечний перетин tube – труба hollow – порожній; пустий; порож-нистий impact extrusion – штампування ви-давлюванням to pull – тягти, тягнути reduction – зниження, зменшення, скорочення to achieve – досягати in series – послідовно shearing – зріз to stretch – розтягувати(ся); витя-гувати(ся); подовжувати; тягти(ся) yield point – точка текучості (мета-лу) to retain – утримувати; зберігати to reduce– зменшувати, знижувати; скорочувати to increase– зростати; збільшувати-(ся); посилювати(ся) |
Exercises to the subject:
1. Read the text and say what the main metalworking processes are:
Metals are important in industry because they can be easily deformed into useful shapes. A lot of metalworking processes have been developed for certain applications. They can be divided into five broad groups:
1. rolling,
2. extrusion,
3. drawing,
4. forging,
5. sheet-metal forming.
During the first four processes metal is subjected to large amounts of strain (deformation). But if deformation goes at a high temperature, the metal will recrystallize – that is, new strain-free grains will grow instead of deformed grains. For this reason metals are usually rolled, extruded, drawn, or forged above their recrystallization temperature. This is called hot working. Under these conditions there is no limit to the compressive plastic strain to which the metal can be subjected. Other processes are performed below the recrystallization temperature. These are called cold working. Cold working hardens metal and makes the part stronger. However, there is a limit to the strain before a cold part cracks.
Rolling is the most common metalworking process. More than 90 percent of the aluminum, steel and copper produced is rolled at least once in the course of production. The most common rolled product is sheet. Rolling can be done either hot or cold. If the rolling is finished cold, the surface will be smoother and the product stronger.
Extrusion is pushing the billet to flow through the orifice of a die. Products may have either a simple or a complex cross section. Aluminium window frames are the examples of complex extrusions. Tubes or other hollow parts can also be extruded. The example of impact extrusion (also called back-extrusion) is the manufacturing of aluminium beer cans.
Drawing consists of pulling metal through a die. One type is wire drawing. The diameter reduction that can be achieved in one die is limited, but several dies in series can be used to get the desired reduction.
Sheet metal forming is widely used when parts of certain shape and size are needed. It includes forging, bending and shearing. One characteristic of sheet metal forming is that the thickness of the sheet changes little in processing. The metal is stretched just beyond its yield point (2 to 4 percent strain) in order to retain the new shape. Bending can be done by pressing between two dies. Shearing is a cutting operation similar to that used for cloth. Each of these processes may be used alone, but often all three are used on one part.
Forging is the shaping of a piece of metal by pushing with open or closed dies. It is usually done hot in order to reduce the required force and increase the metal’s plasticity.
2. Find the following words and word-combinations in English in the text: легко деформуватися; потрібні форми; деформація; вільні від деформації зерна; температура перекристалізації; пластична деформація стиснення; межа; волочіння дроту; зменшення діаметру; бажане зменшення; товщина листа; зберігати нову форму; операція різання; формування металевої деталі; зменшити необхідну силу; підвищити пластичність металу.
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