modal verb
| meaning
| tense
| forms
| examples
|
can
| 1) физическая или умственная способность
(мочь, уметь)
2) реальная
возможность (можно)
3) разрешение
4) вежливая просьба (форма could)
| Future
Present
Past
| -
can V1/ can’t (cannot) V1
could V1/ couldn’tV1
(мог(ли), умел(и))
|
I can dance.
Can you do this sum?
It can’tbe true.
You can by this car on account.
Can I borrow your pen?
He could read when he was 5.
We couldn’t see the lighthouse in the fog.
Could you tell us how to get to the nearest post office?
|
to be able to
(эквивалент can)
| физическая способность или возможность (быть способным, в состоянии)
| Future
Present
Past
| will/ won’t be able toV1
смогу, сможем
am, is, are (not) able toV1
was, were (not) able toV1
(смог(ли), сумел(и))
| We won’t be able to help you.
She will be able to speak English in a year.
Is he able to recover after the surgery?
We weren’t able to answer the last question of the quiz.
Were you able to find your umbrella?
|
may
| 1) разрешение (можно), запрещение при not (нельзя)
2) вероятность, предположение c сомнением (возможно)
3) возможность совершения действия в прошлом (may / might+have+V3)
| Future
Present
Past
| -
may V1/ may notV1
might / might not (в значении можно/нельзя употребляется только в косвенной речи)
may/might have V3
|
MayI go out? – Yes, you may.
It may rain soon.
He said we might use his car.
Ann may have passed her driving test.
I mighthave left the book at home
Mightthe Russian football team win the World Championship?
.
|
to be allowed to
(эквивалент may)
| разрешение, запрещение при not (можно/
нельзя)
| Future
Present
Past
| will/won’t allow toV1 (Active Voice)
will/ won’t be allowed to
(Passive Voice)
allow(s)/don’t, doesn’t allow to V1
am, is, are (not) allowed toV1
allowed / didn’t allow toV1
was, were (not) allowed toV1
| The teacher won’t allow us to miss the lesson.
We won’t be allowed to miss the lesson.
WillI be allowed to repeat the exam in autumn?
I don’t allow my cat tosit on the kitchen table.
My dog isn’t allowed to sleep on the sofa.
Parents didn’t allow us to go for a walk.
We were allowed to choose the prize.
|
must
| 1) обязанность, долженствование, необходимость
(должен, нужно, обязан)
2) приказание, совет с точки зрения говорящего
2) вероятность, предположение, которое говорящий считает вполне правдоподобным
3) предположение о совершении действия в прошлом (must+have+V3)
4) категорическое запрещение (нельзя, запрещено)
| Future
Present
Past
| -
mustV1 / mustn’tV1
mustV1 (только в косв. речи)
|
I mustgo now.
It mustbe very difficult to learn Chinese.
You mustn’t park the car here.
He said we must watch the latest news.
He musthave forgotten to switch off the light.
|
to have to
(эквивалент must)
| вынужденность, обязанность (приходится, должен, вынужден) в силу каких-то обстоятельств
| Future
Present
Past
| will/ won’t have toV1
have, has toV1
don’t/ doesn’t have toV1
had to/ didn’t have toV1
| He will have to tell the truth.
Willyou have to leave soon?
Why do you have to study on Sunday?
She doesn’t have to work hard.
We had to return home because of the rain.
Why didyou have to stop our experiment?
|
to be to
(эквивалент must)
| долженствование согласно плану, договоренности, инструкциям, расписанию и т.д. (должен, предстоит)
| Future
Present
Past
| -
am, is, are (not) toV1
was, were(not) toV1
|
We are to do four exercises for the next lesson.
When is the lecture to begin?
I was to study medicine at Oxford.
|
need
| необходимость или отсутствие необходимости при not
| Future
Present
Past
| -
need / needn’tV1
-
|
Need I translate this sentence? – You needn’t.
You needn’t help me.
|
should
| 1) обязанность менее категоричная, чем must (должен)
2) совет, рекомендация
3) упрёк, порицание, сожаление
| Future
Present
Past
| -
should / shouldn’tV1
should have V3
|
What should I do? – You should restart the computer first.
I should have given up smoking long ago.
|
shall
| 1) намерение
2) предложение
3) в 3 л. ед. ч. выражает обещание, угрозу или предупреждение
| Future
Present
Past
| shallV1
shallV1
-
| He shall do it. – Он обязательно сделает это.
Shall I help you? – Помочь вам?
|
ought to
| 1) моральный долг
2) настоятельный совет, строгая рекомендация
3) сожаление
| Future
Present
Past
| -
ought toV1/ ought not toV1
ought to have V3
|
You ought to respect elder people.
He ought to have helped his brother.
|
to be obliged to
| быть обязанным
| Future
Present
Past
| will/ won’t be obliged toV1
am, is, are(not) obliged toV1
was, were(not) obliged to V1
| I will be obliged to meet the delegation.
He isn’t obliged to lend you any money.
Weren’t you obliged to inform us?
|
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