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Geographical names
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THE ARTICLE
The article is a structural part of speech used with nouns.
The use of articles with nouns of material and abstract nouns
| Nouns of material | In a general sense – no article | When modified by a particularizing attribute or the situation makes it definite – the | Notes |
| Butter, tea, iron, water, honey, wine, snow, etc. | – Blood isthicker than water. – He doesn’t like coffee. – She was as pale as snow. | – Rosa tasted the wine. It was good. – The coffee she made was hot. – She looked with hungry eyes at the breadandmeat the landlady brought her. | 1. When an indefinite part of the substance is meant, some/any are used. – I bought some bread and cheese. 2. We use a/an when: a) sorts of food are meant – They give a good coffeehere. b) a portion of something is meant – He drank a tea and went out. – I’ll buy you an ice. c) the noun indicates an object made of a certain material – There is a tin of sardines on the table. – She has bought a paper. |
| Abstract nouns | – While there is life there is hope. – What fine weather we are heaving! – They walked in silence along the path. | – Last night I heard “Carmen” and enjoyed the music. – We enjoyed the stillnessof the air. – He was in a state of the greatest excitement. | A/an is used with uncountable abstract nouns a) when modified by a descriptive attribute which brings out a special aspect. – A hot anger rose in the chest. – There was a wonderful happiness everywhere. b) when the adjectives changes its meaning and becomes a noun – I have just seen a real beauty. |
| Anger, beauty, curiosity, freedom, happiness, love, modesty, pride, time, respect, etc. | |||
| Adjectives, adjective pronouns, adjectivized participles | An only child in the family, a first love, a first night, a first time, a first child, a last minute decision(поспешное решение) | The right, the left, the very (тот самый), the only, the main, the principle, the central, the left, the right, the same, the following, the former (первый), the latter(последний), the first, the last | |
| Silence-тишина молчание Decision- решительность Kindness- доброта Experience- опыт Favour- милость Indiscretion- неосторожность Failure- неудача Nature- природа | A silence-пауза A decision- решение A kindness- доброе дело An experience-случай A favour-одолжение An indiscretion- неблагоразумный поступок A failure-неудачник A nature- натура |
The use of articles with proper nouns
Geographical names
| Geographical names | No article | The definite article | Notes |
| 1. Continents, countries, cities/towns, villages | Africa, Asia, France, London, Latin America, Central Asia, Petrovka But the village of Petrovka | When having a particularizing attribute – The Philadelphiahe was born in... – In his books W. Scott described the England of the Middle Ages. | the word groups are always used with the: The United States, The Soviet Union, The United Kingdom of Great Britain, the Hague, (the) Ukraine, the Crimea, the Caucasus, the Riviera, the Transvaal, the Lebanon, the Congo |
| 2. Ocean, rivers, seas, Channels / canals, deserts, valleys | Hudson Bay, Buffin Bay, Death Valley, Silicon Valley | the Pacific, the Black Sea, the Neva, the Sahara, the (English) Channel, the Suez Canal, the Nile Valley, the Valley of the Kings | |
| 3. Lakes | Lake Baikal, Lake Ontario | the Baikal, the Ontario, the Great Lake, the Great Bear Lake, the Great Salt Lake | In the plural – The Great Lakes |
| 4. Mountains, volcanoes | peaks Elbrus, Everest | mountain chains the Urals, the Alps, the Kilauea Volcano | |
| 5. Islands, peninsulas, capes | a single island Madagascar, Sicily, Kamchatka, Cape Horn, North Cape, Cape Canaveral, | island groups the Bermudas, the British Isles, the Bahamas, the Balkan Peninsula, the Cape of Good Hope | |
| 6. Regions | North America, Latin America | the Middle East, the Far East, the north of England, the south of France, the Virgin Lands, the Yorkshire Forests | western Canada, southern Spain |
| 7. Four cardinal points of the compass | the South, the North, the East, the West | But from East to West, from North to South go to South! |
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