Read the following text and translate it into Russian and answer the questions given below.

Text 2

Public administration in general is an extension of governance. Administrators have been governance as long as kings and emperors required pages, treasurers, and architects to carry out the business of government. Modern public administration is an extension of democratic governance, justified by classic and liberal philosophers of the western world such as Aristotle, John Locke, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Hobbes, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Thomas Paine, Samuel Adams, Thomas Jefferson, etc.

Though rife with nepotism and favoritism, often referred to as a spoils system, public administrators have been the eyes and ears of government until relatively recently. In medieval times, the abilities to read and write, add and subtract were as dominated by the educated elite as public employment. Nevertheless, public employment has become increasingly possible and probable for a wider range of adults with the help of greater literacy, better education to the average citizen, and classic liberal philosophers.

Consequently, the need for expert civil servants whose ability to read and write formed the basis for developing expertise in such necessary activities as legal records, military prowess, and tax administration, and record keeping. As the European imperialist age progressed and the militarily dominant region extended its hold over other continents and people, the need for increasingly conventional administrative expertise grew.

Eighteenth century noble, King Frederick William I of Prussia, created professorates in Cameralism in an effort to service this need. The universities of Frankfurt an der Oder and University of Hallewere Prussian institutions emphasizing economic and social disciplines, with the goal of societal reform. Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi was the most well-known professor of Cameralism. Thus, from a Western European perspective, classic, medieval, and enlightened scholars formed the foundation of the discipline that has come to be called public administration.

3. Comprehension questions.

1. How did rulers’ servants take a part in carrying out the business of government?

2. What function did administrators fulfill in Middle Ages?

3. Why were public administrators popular?

4. What is “spoils system”?

5. Why did the need for increasingly conventional administrative expertise grow?

6. What did you learn about Frederick William I?

7. Who was the founder of the science of public administration?

8. Why can we talk about public administration as about science?

4. Practice the words and word combination from the text.

a) Give Russian equivalents.

(n) extension, governance, page, treasurer, nepotism, favoritism, expertise, ability, literacy, hold over, need, prowess, range, effort, goal, forefront, science

(v) require, to carry out, justify by, refer to, add, subtract, extend, emphasize, consider, evaluate, rely on, pre-establish, hold, consider, concern with

(adj.) rife, medieval, wide, enlightened, restrictive, legal, necessary, integrating, well-known, societal

(adv) relatively, recently, increasingly, possible, consequently

b) Give English equivalents.

государственное управление, осуществлять, цель, расширение, называться, потребность, распределение государственных должностей, такие как, деятельность государства, демократическое управление, обосновывать, протекция родне, тем не менее, государственный служащий, цель, протекционизм, относительно, влияние над, способность, государственное финансирование, грамотность, делопроизводство, рядовой гражданин, суммировать и вычитать, военное искусство, свободный от предрассудков и суеверий, управление налогообложением, профессиональная компетенция, ведение юридической документации, сформировать, считаться, административное право, широкие слои, полагаться на, основание, заниматься как вопросами теории, так и вопросами практики, оценивать, социальные реформы

5. Put in the preposition where is necessary.

1. Public administration is the “translation ___ politics ___ the reality that citizens see every day”.

2. Notable scholars ___ public administration have come ___ a range ___ fields.

3. Public administrators are public servants working ___ public departments and agencies, at all levels ___ government.

4. A new public service model was proposed ___ response ___ the dominance ___ New Public Management.

5. The separation ___ politics and administration has been the subject ___ lasting debate.

6. Some scientists argue that public management ___ a new, economically driven perspective ___ the operation ___ government.

7. The model ___ of New Public Management is still widely accepted ___ all levels ___ government.

8. Some scholars have argued that officials tend also to be motivated ___ considerations ___ the public interest.

9. ___the period ___ public administration existed as its own independent discipline, scholars contributing ___ the field came ___ economics, sociology, management, political science, law, and, other related fields.

10. The goals ___ the field ___ public administration are related ___ the democratic values ___ improving equality, justice, security, efficiency, effectiveness ___ public services usually ___ a non-profit, non-taxable venue.

6. Put in the necessary words from the text.

1. The need for increasingly c ___ administrative expertise grew.

2. Public administration r ___ on many pre-established disciplines.

3. Public administrators need be c ___ with both theory and practice.

4. Modern public administration is j ___ by classic and liberal philosophers.

5. Kings and emperors r ___ pages, treasurers, and architects to c ____ out the business of government.

6. Lorenz von Stein is c ___ the founder of the science of public administration.

7. Practical considerations are at the f___ of the field.

8. The European imperialist age progressed and the militarily dominant region e ___ its hold over other continents and people.

9. Public administration is a science because knowledge is g ___ and e ___ according to the scientific method.

10. Though rife with n ___ and f ___, often r ___ to as a spoils system.

1. Free speech.

1. What is British Empire?

2. Who occupies the Palace of Westminster?

2. Read the text.

Text 3