Eye diseases

Two common disorders of the eye are the myopia and hyperopia. In myopia the image forms in front of the retina. This condition is due to elongation of the eyeball or it may be caused by insufficient adjustment of a lens during accommodation. Glasses with biconcave lenses are used to focus the image on the retina. In hyperopia the image forms behind the retina and is blurred because the eyeball is too short or because the lens is too flat to permit nearby vision. This defect often happens as the lens loses elasticity with age. Glasses with biconvex lenses are used to focus the image on the retina.

Astigmatism is caused by irregular curvature of a lens or cornea. It results in a light refraction so that the rays fall on different areas of the retina, thereby producing a blurry image. Astigmatism is the inability to separate two closely placed points. The condition is corrected by using cylinder-shaped lenses.

Another visual defect is colour blindness resulting from the inability of cones to react to certain colours of the spectrum. For example, a person may be colour blind to red and green colours. In this case red and green can not be distinguished because of the lack of cones sensitive to red and green. Colour blindness is usually a sex-linked genetic trait carried by females and expressed in males.

Cataract is a clouding of the lens. For most people cataracts are a natural result of ageing. Often cataracts develop in both eyes at the same time. The symptoms vary but include a gradual blurring of vision, halos around lights, and double vision. The very worst cataracts – where the iris appears almost entirely clouded – can cause a total loss of vision. Cataracts develop for a variety of reasons including long-term exposure to ultraviolet light, exposure to radiation, secondary effects of diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and advanced age, eye injury or trauma.

Glaucoma is an abnormal increase in the intraocular pressure of the eyeball. Loss of vision develops gradually and people may not realize they have it. On reaching an advanced age glaucoma is extremely difficult and expensive to treat. The key to reducing the incidence of glaucoma is early diagnosis.

A sty is a localized inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid. This common infection results from blocked glands within the eyelid. When the gland is blocked, the sebum (секрет сальных желез) produced by the gland occasionally backs up and extrudes through the wall of the gland, forming a lump which can be red, painful, and nodular. Frequently bacteria can infect the blocked gland causing increased inflammation, pain, and redness of the eye, and even redness of the surrounding eyelid and cheek tissue. The lump frequently goes away when the blockage of the gland opening is relieved. Furthermore, the infection goes away the pus is drained from the sty.

Persons having strabismus (cross-eyes) have a condition in which eyes do not converge together and a person sees two images instead of one.

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions according to the text:

1. What are the common disorders of the eye?

2. What causes cataract?

3. How is it possible to prevent cataract?

4. What disease results from increased intraocular pressure?

5. How are myopia and hyperopia corrected?

6. What is a sty?

7. What is strabismus?

Exercise 7. Define if the following satements are true or false:

1. Astigmatism results from inability of cones to react to certain colours.

2. There is only one cause of cataract.

3. In myopia glasses with biconcave lenses are used.

4. Cataracts can develop in both eyes.

5. A sty is a localized inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid.

6. Colour blindness is usually a sex-linked genetic trait carried by males and expressed in females.

7. It is very difficult and expensive to treat glaucoma.

8. Persons with strabismus see two images instead of one.

9. The symptoms of cataract include a gradual blurring of vision, halos around lights, and double vision.

Exercise 8. Translate the following word combinations into English:

Розтягнення очного яблука, недостатнє наведення чіткості зображення, формування зображення за сітківкою, втрачати еластичність кришталику з віком, неправильна кривизна рогівки, відбивання світла, дальтонізм, поступова нечіткість зору, помутніння райдужної оболонки ока, захворюваність глаукомою, запалення сальної залози, почервоніння повіки, випускати гній з ячменю, косоокість.

Exercise 9. Choose the proper preposition and complete the text. Translate the text into Ukrainian:

The primary mode (of\ with\ from) treatment for a sty is application (by\ at\ of) warm compresses. Incision and drainage is performed if resolution does not begin (in\ on\ to) the next 48 hours after warm compresses are started.

As a part of self-care at home patients may cleanse the affected eyelid (from\ in\ with) water. Cleansing must be done gently and while eyes are closed to prevent eye injuries.

Patients are highly advised not to lance the sty as it may result (in\ by\ at) a serious infection.

Medical treatment can also be provided (by\ with\ in) a doctor and it is aimed (at\ by\ to) relieving symptoms. Antibiotic are normally given (to\ on\ in) patients with multiple sties. Antibiotic ointments can also be administered (on\ from\ in) sty treatment.

Exercise 10. Translate sentences into English:

1. Порушення зору може спостерігатися в будь-якому віці. Велику роль в погіршенні зору відіграють спадковий чинник, перенесені інфекційні захворювання, неправильний режим читання.

2. Ячмінь – гостре гнійне запалення сальної залози біля кореня вій. Він виникає внаслідок потрапляння інфекції в залозу. На краю повіки з часом зявляються біль, почервоніння і набряк повіки.

3. Катарактою називається помутніння кришталика окаю Причинами можуть бути пошкодження ока, хвороби (діабет), піддавання впливу ультрафіолетових променів.

4. Глаукома – це підвищений тиск у середині ока. Глаукома призводить до повної або часткової сліпоти.

Exercise 11. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Many people with diabetes notice that their vision becomes blurry.

2. Eyes receive light from the outside and form the image on the nervous cells of the retina.

3. Lens is tightly attached to its place by a ligament.

4. Additional structures of the eye include eyebrows, eye lashes, conjunctiva and the lacrimal apparatus.

5. Eyebrows and eyelashes protect eyes from foreign matters.

6. Human eye differs 10 million colours but it does not perceive ultraviolet.

Exercise 12. Open the brackets and use verbs in the correct tense and form:

1. Color blindness, or color vision deficiency, (to be) the inability or decreased ability to see color, or perceive color differences, under normal lighting conditions.

2. Color blindness (affect) a significant percentage of the population.

3. Color blindness also (can to produce) by physical or chemical damage to the eye, the optic nerve, or parts of the brain.

4. Color blindness usually (to classify) as a mild disability.

5. Color vision deficiencies (can to classify) as acquired or inherited.

6. About 8 percent of males, but only 0.5 percent of females, (to be) color blind.

7. Causes of color blindness (to include) brain or retinal damage.

8. The different kinds of inherited color blindness (to result from) partial or complete loss of function of one or more of the different cone systems.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

Test

1. In myopia the image forms in front of the ………..

a) retina b)cornea c) eyeball d) lens e) eyelid

2. For most people cataracts are the natural result of …………..

a) eavy alcohol consumption b) smoking c) stress

d) ageing e) obesity

3. Which of the following statements is false?

A. Astigmatism results from inability of cones to react to certain colors.

B. There are several causes of cataract.

C. In myopia glasses with biconcave lenses are used.

D. Cataracts can develop in both eyes.

E. A sty is a localized inflammation of a sebaceous gland of the eyelid.

4. ………….. is an abnormal increase in the intraocular pressure of the eyeball.

a) astigmatism b) sty c) hyperopia d) strabismus

d) glaucoma

5. People with color blindness may for example be color blind … red and green.

a) for b) with c) to d) at e) on

6. What is an inflamed swelling on the edge of an eyelid caused by bacterial infection of the gland at the base of an eyelash?

a) lump b) pus c) strabismus d) sty e) myopia

7. Which of the following statements is false?

A. Cataracts are treated surgically.

B. Color blindness is usually a sex-linked genetic trait carried by males and expressed in females.

C. It is very difficult and expensive to treat glaucoma.

D. Persons with strabismus see two images instead of one.

E. The symptoms of cataract include a gradual blurring of vision, halos around lights, and double vision.

8. Loss of vision in glaucoma develops … and people may not realize they have it.

a) rapidly b) steadily c) promptly d) gradually e) quickly

9. In a sty the lump frequently goes away when the blockage of the gland opening …………

a) relieved b) is relieved c) will relieve d) is relieve

e) will relieve

10. What does the word “converge” mean?

Persons having strabismus have a condition in which the eyes do not converge together.

a) mix b) correspond c) concentrate d) fit e) focus

Exercise 1. Topical vocabulary:

Exercise 2. Read and remember interesting facts about ears:

1. Your ear drum is less than 17.5 mm in diameter

2. Your ear never stops working, even when you're asleep. The ear continues to hear sounds, but your brain just ignores incoming sounds.

3. Your ear does more than just let you hear—it also gives you a sense of balance. Maybe you've noticed feeling dizzy if you've had an ear infection.

4. The three bones in your ear are the smallest bones in your body, and all three could fit together on a penny.

5. The inner ear is about the size of a pencil eraser, but it contains more than 20, 000 hairs.

6. Your sense of hearing is dependent upon tiny hairs deep inside your ear. If you lose these hairs, you lose your hearing.

7. Not all living creatures hear with ears. Snakes use jawbones, fish respond to pressure changes, and male mosquitoes

8. use antennae.

9. Your hearing can be damaged permanently even after a single incident of

10. exposure to extremely loud noise (shotgun blast, explosion, etc.).

11. You do not need to clean wax out of your ears unless you have an abnormal condition. Ears push excess wax out as needed.

Exercise 3. Translate the word combinations:

Hearing loss, the semicircular canals and the cochlea, inflammation of the ear, to drains fluid, hearing andequilibrium, the tympanic membrane, to be made of cartilage, Meniere disease, nervous pathways, medium and loud sounds, otitis media, motion sickness, a fungus or bacterium, perforation of the eardrum, otitis externa, pronounced tinnitus, " swimmer's ear", accumulation of pus, to ventilate the middle ear cavity, malfunction or obstruction of the eustachian tube, nausea and vertigo.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the text: