Case History

At the age of 16, Kelly Lee (to involve) in a motor vehicle accident. She not (to wear) a seatbelt and (to eject) from the overturned vehicle. Fortunately, ground and air paramedics (to get) to her soon after the accident. She (to be) unconscious at the scene but breathing, had obvious head and limb injuries, and was intubated for her helicopter flight back to the hospital.

The ER (Emergency Room) was alerted about her condition en route, and the full Trauma Team (to mobilize) for her arrival. A general surgeon, ER specialist, orthopedic surgeon, and neurosurgeon rapidly (to assess) her top to toe upon her arrival, and the usual blood tests and imaging studies rapidly (to carry) out. Despite having sustained several rib fractures, a broken arm and leg, moderate lung injuries and a small laceration of her liver, her spine CT (increased intracranial pressure) (to show) no fracture or dislocation. Her head CT (to show) a small blood clot on the surface of her brain, a few areas of brain tissue bruising, a nondisplaced skull fracture, some brain swelling, but no major life-threatening brain injury. She (to take) to the trauma ICU (intensive care unit), however, the surgeons elected to place * EVD in the right side of K.L.’s brain to allow her ICP to be monitored and treated as needed. This was because her neurological exam was unreliable owing to the sedatives and muscle relaxants she had on board, and also because the orthopedic surgeons would need to take K.L. to the OR (operating room) for her fractures. Having an EVD in place would (to provide) some degree of monitoring for K.L.’s brain throughout the orthopedic procedure. Emergency consent for the EVD placement (to obtain) by two of the neurosurgeons in the absence of any relatives or other contacts.

* An external ventricular drain (EVD is a device used in neurosurgery that relieves raised intracranial pressure.

Exercise 14. Translate into English and make up the sentences of your own:

Доброякісна пухлина; здібність метастазуватися; характерна риса; волокниста оболонка сполучної тканини; викликати негетивну дію на здоров’я; ріст доброякісної пухлини; бути причиною пошкодження органа; некроз тканини; всередині кісток: пухлина, що загрожує життю; видаляти за допомогою оперативного втручання; найбільш ефективні методи лікування; реагувати на хіміотерапію та променеву терапію; підлягати систематичному обстеженню

Exercise 15. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following term «доброякісні пухлини»:

1. Radiation, chemotherapy and surgery are the most effective approaches in treating many benign tumors.

2. Breast self-examination, mammograms, testicular self-examination, and Pap smears are the most common screening methods for various tumors.

3. Benign tumors are typically surrounded by an outer surface (fibrous sheath of connective tissue) or remain with the epithelium.

4. A " mass effect" due to the growth of benign tumors may cause nerve damage, ischemia, tissue death and organ damage.

5. A benign tumor is a mass of cells that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize.

Exercise 16. Translate into English using active vocabulary:

1. Доброякісна пухлина - це новоутворення, патологічний процес, зумовлений обмежено-неконтрольованим розмноженням клітин, без ознак інвазії та метастазування.

2. Великі за розмірами доброякісні пухлини теж можуть порушувати критично функції організму, та навіть приводять до смерті та можуть трансформуватись у злоякісні пухлини (малігнізація).

3. Деякі доброякісні пухлини (наприклад аденома простати) розглядаються як передракові стани.

4. Доброякісні пухлини характерезуються повільним ростом, при цьому без проростання у сусідні тканини (експанисивний ріст), в більшості випадків обмежені капсулою.

5. При пальпації мають гладку поверхню, не болять, легко зміщуються, не метастазують.

6. Доброякісна пухлина може розвинутися з будь-якої тканини.

7. В залежності від її типу розрізняють види пухлин: епітеліоми - розвиваються з плоского і циліндричного епітелію та утворюються на шкірі і слизових оболонках та аденоми - розвиваються із залозистого епітелію. Можуть виникати в будь-якому органі, де є залозистий епітелій.

8. Основні види лікування доброякісних пухлин - це оперативний чи консервативний.

9. Оперативний метод лікування передбачає проведення хірургічного втручання з метою повного видалення пухлини. Особливо попопулярною методою видалення поверхневих доброякісних пухлин стала кріодеструкція.

10. Консервативний метод лікування передбачає застосування хімічних речовин — лікувальних засобів.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

Test

1. A benign tumor is a mass of cells that lacks the ability …. neighboring tissue or metastasize.

a)invades b)invade c)to invade d)invaded e)invading

2. Also, benign tumors generally have a … growth rate than malignant tumors.

a) slower b) slow c) slowest d) more slow e) the most slowest

3. Benign tumors are typically surrounded … an outer surface or remain with the epithelium.

a) by b) on c) for d) from e) out

4. Although benign tumors will not metastasize or locally invade tissues, some types may still … negative health effects.

a) reduce b) reveal c) develop d) produce e) confuse

5. Many types of benign tumors have the potential to become cancerous (malignant) through a process known as ….

a) tumour regression b) tumour collection c) tumour reduction

d) tumour pressure e) tuour progression

6. … is usually the most effective approach and is used to treat most benign tumors.

a) therapy b) surgery c) cryotheraty d) radiation e) chemotherapy

7. To prevent the development of any tumors we should undergo systematic … in order to detect small irregularities or tumors as early as possible.

a) enquiring b) monitoring c) X-ray examining

d) screening e) imagining

8. The scrapping of the skin or internal surface of an organ or body cavity by means of a spoon-shaped instrument(curette) usually to remove diseased tissue or to obtain a specimen for diagnostic purposes is called as ….

a) massage b) visage c) curettage d) heritage e) collage

9. A blemish or new growth on skin formed before birth, usually brown or dark red is called as ….

a) wart b) verruca c) nevus d) birthmark e) acne

10. Adenomas of the rectum may be treated with …, a treatment in which chemicals are used to shrink blood vessels in order to cut off the blood supply.

a) chemotherapy b) cryotheraty c) thermotherapy

d) sclerotherapy e) radiotherapy

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

Exercise 2. Read the word combinations and sentences with the new words and translate them into Ukrainian:

Hereditary: a hereditary disease; a hereditary trait; hereditary collagen dysplasia; hereditary defect; hereditary melanoma; hereditary thrombopathias. The environment may affect the degree to which a hereditary trait develops. Organisms can transmit some hereditary conditions to their offspring even if the parents do not show the trait.

Irregularity: treatment for menstrual irregularities; irregular heartbeat; irregularities in some areas of the brain.

Malignant: malignant edema; malignant adenoma; malignant bone cyst; malignancy of male reproductive system. This malignant disease, more fatal than the smallpox, broke out among the soldiers and sailors, and destroyed the greater part of them.

Chemotherapy: chemotherapy drugs; adjuvant chemotherapy; oral chemotherapy; intravenous (IV) chemotherapy; topical chemotherapy; intraperitoneal (IP) chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is used to slow the growth of cancer cells or to keep the cancer from spreading to other parts of the body.

Exercise 3. Find corresponding equivalents:

Exercise 4. Match the following terms with their definitions:

Exercise 5. Give adjectives to the following nouns. Translate into Ukrainian:

Model: Cancer - cancerous

Exercise 6. Translate the word combinations into your language:

A malignant neoplasm; unregulated cell growth; to grow uncontrollably; to invade nearby parts of the body; spread to more distant parts of the body; through the lymphatic system or bloodstream; supportive tissues; benign tumors; to be non-cancerous; life- threatening; in the bone marrow; to afflict the human; environmental pollutants; existing genetic faults; faults within cells; to be entirely hereditary; screening tests; medical imaging; the likelihood of developing cancer; a current tobacco user; Breast self-examination; Pap smears; immune system tissue; the pituitary gland; approximately five to ten percent.

Exercise 6. Read and translate: