Главная страница Случайная страница
Разделы сайта
АвтомобилиАстрономияБиологияГеографияДом и садДругие языкиДругоеИнформатикаИсторияКультураЛитератураЛогикаМатематикаМедицинаМеталлургияМеханикаОбразованиеОхрана трудаПедагогикаПолитикаПравоПсихологияРелигияРиторикаСоциологияСпортСтроительствоТехнологияТуризмФизикаФилософияФинансыХимияЧерчениеЭкологияЭкономикаЭлектроника
Benign tumours
|
|
A benign tumor is a mass of cells that lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize. These characteristics are required for a tumor to be defined as cancerous and therefore benign tumors are non-cancerous. Also, benign tumors generally have a slower growth rate than malignant tumors and the tumor cells are usually more differentiated (cells have normal features). Benign tumors are typically surrounded by an outer surface (fibrous sheath of connective tissue) or remain with the epithelium. Common examples of benign tumors include moles, nevi, warts, birthmarks, polypi and uterine fibroids (leiomyomas).
Although benign tumors will not metastasize or locally invade tissues, some types may still produce negative health effects. The growth of benign tumors produce a " mass effect" that can compress tissues and may cause nerve damage, reduction of blood to an area of the body (ischaemia), tissue death (necrosis) and organ damage. The mass effects of tumors are more prominent if the tumor is within an enclosed space such as the cranium, respiratory tract, sinus or inside bones. Tumors of endocrine tissues may overproduce certain hormones, especially when the cells are well differentiated. Examples include thyroid and adrenocortical adenomas.
Although most benign tumors are not life-threatening, many types of benign tumors have the potential to become cancerous (malignant) through a process known as tumor progression. For this reason and other possible negative health effects, some benign tumors are removed by surgery.
Some benign tumors need no treatment; others may be removed if they cause problems such as seizures, discomfort or cosmetic concerns. Surgery is usually the most effective approach and is used to treat most benign tumors. In some case other treatments may be of use. Adenomas of the rectum may be treated with sclerotherapy, a treatment in which chemicals are used to shrink blood vessels in order to cut off the blood supply. Most benign tumors do not respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy, although there are exceptions; benign intracranial tumors are sometimes treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy under certain circumstances. Radiation can also be used to treat hemangiomas in the rectum. Benign skin tumors are usually surgically dissected but other treatments such as cryotherapy, curettage, electrodesiccation, laser therapy, dermabrasion, chemical peeling and topical medication are used.
To prevent the development of any tumors we should undergo systematic screening in order to detect small irregularities or tumors as early as possible even if there are no clear symptoms present. Breast self-examination, mammograms, testicular self-examination, and Pap smears are common screening methods for various tumors.
Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:
1. What tumor lacks the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize?
2. What is the main difference between benign and malignant tumors?
3. What are the most common examples of benign tumors?
4. What effect may the growth of benign tumors produce?
5. In what cases are the mass effects of tumors more prominent?
6. What process is known as tumor progression?
7. What is the most effective approach in treating benign tumors?
8. In what cases may sclerotherapy be used?
9. What benign tumors are sometimes treated with radiation therapy and chemotherapy?
10. What are the common screening methods for various tumors?
Exercise 7. Give adjectives to the following nouns. Translate into Ukrainian. Make up the sentences of your own:
Model: Cancer – cancerous
Chemistry, therapy, surgery, health, hormone, cranium, respiration, connection, fiber, efficacy, malignancy, cell, lymph, gland, immunity, genetics, electricity, presence, absence, testicle, muscle, uterus, diagnosis, nerve, system, vessel.
Exercise 8. Match the following terms with their definitions:
| 1. birthmark | a) is a small vascularized growth arising from the surface of a mucous membrane, having a rounded base or a stalklike (stem) projection (prominence). |
| 2. wart (verruca) | b) is a nonmalignant collection of pigmented cells in the skin being flat or raised, smooth or hairy |
| 3. uterine fibroid (leiomyoma) | c) is any congenital growth or pigmented blemish (defect) on the skin; birthmark or mole. |
| 4. mole | d) is any firm abnormal elevation of the skin caused by a virus. |
| 5. naevus | e) is a benign tumour, composed of fibrous and muscular tissue, occurring in the wall of the uterus and often causing heavy menstruation. |
| 6. polypus | f) is a blemish or new growth on skin formed before birth, usually brown or dark red. |
Exercise 9. Match the following procedures used in treatment of tumors with their definitions:
| a) cryotherapy b) chemotherapy c) curettage d) radiotherapy e) surgery f) electrodesiccation (fulguration) g) dermabrasion h) laser therapy | 1. the treatment of tumors by penetrating radiation such as X-rays, beta or gamma rays produced by radioactive isotopes. 2. the branch of medicine concerned with treating disease, injuries by means of manual or operative procedures by incision into the body; 3. treatment of disease, especially cancer, by means of chemical agents; 4. medical treatment in which all or part of the body is subjected to cold temperatures, as by means of ice packs; 5. the scrapping of the skin or internal surface of an organ or body cavity by means of a spoon-shaped instrument(curette) usually to remove diseased tissue or to obtain a specimen for diagnostic purposes; 6. the destruction of tissue (warts, growths, nevi) by means of high-frequency diathermy (local heating of the body tissues with an electric current for medical or surgical purposes) instrument; 7. a procedure in cosmetic surgery in which rough facial skin is removed by scrubbing; 8. treatment with a thin beam of any electromagnetic radiation, such as infrared or microwave radiation |
Exercise 10. Complete the word combinations using the following expression. Read and translate them. Use given expression in the sentences of your own:
In order to …
to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize.
to be defined as cancerous.
to compress tissues and cause nerve damage.
to overproduce certain hormones.
to become cancerous (malignant) through a process known as tumor progression.
to shrink blood vessels to cut off the blood supply.
to respond to chemotherapy or radiation therapy.
to prevent the development of any tumors
to undergo systematic screening.
Exercise 11. Complete the case history with the prepositions from the box below. Translate into Ukrainian:
| of; in; in; for; to; to |
Following 3 weeks… unexplained morning headaches, M.K., a 42-year old man, went …his local doctor. He had no vomiting or nausea, no seizures, simply headaches. His local doctor found M.K. to have a normal neurological exam, but ordered a plain CT head scan. This showed a 4 cm diameter lesion or mass located … the right hemisphere, … the frontal lobe, and there appeared to be mild swelling or “shift” associated with it. To better define the lesion, M.K.’s doctor ordered a brain MRI, with and without contrast. This study showed the lesion in better detail. The lesion only very faintly took up the contrast agent, was round overall with some irregular margins, and appeared to be a solid mass. The radiologist suspected this was a primary brain tumor, most likely a glioma such as an astrocytoma. M.K. was given a prescription … oral steroid to assist in reducing the brain swelling, and expeditiously referred … a neurosurgeon.
Exercise 12. Put the questions to the underlined parts of the sentences:
Case History
A 15-year-old boy was presented to Apollo Cancer Hospital with complaints of neck pain, tingling sensation and weakness of upper limbs for the past 2 weeks. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) of the brain and MR angiogram showed an expansile(dilatable) mass in the left cerebellopontine (CP) region. The patient was diagnosed with haemangioblastoma.
Craniotomy was planned as management measure. During the surgery, surgeons found that tumour was highly vascularised, adherent to medulla hence further surgical intervention was not done and patient was referred for CyberKnife.
The patient was treated with CyberKnife at a total dosage of 21Gy in three fractions (7 Gy/Fr) to the target. The patient tolerated the treatment well. A significant improvement in the clinical symptoms and a significant decrease in the contrast-enhancing solid mass were observed at third month following the treatment. Currently, the patient is doing well and is on regular follow-up.
Discussion
Optic nerve sheath meningiomas are benign tumours that arise from the optic nerve sheath and are surrounded by numerous critical structures. Fractionated radiation therapy with CyberKnife provides highly conformal dose distribution in these critically located tumours.
Exercise 13. Open the brackets and translate the case history into Ukrainian:
|
|