Hepatitis

Hepatitis is a medical condition defined by the inflammation of the liver and characterized by the presence of inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. Hepatitis may be caused by a number of different argents, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxic drugs, toxins, or diseases of the immune system. Five viruses have been identified that specifically attack the liver and produce hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. Infectious mononucleosis, certain toxic chemicals and insecticides may cause hepatitis.

Hepatitis can be acute (short-term) or chronic (long-term). If an individual with hepatitis remains symptomatic for more than a few months, the condition is considered chronic. All forms of hepatitis share similar symptoms, including dark urine, appetite loss, fatigue, bloating, jaundiced skin colouring, yellowing of the whites the eyes, nausea and vomiting, pain in the vicinity of the liver and low-grade fever. On physical examination the physician can reveal abnormal enlargement of the liver by palpitation. Liver function test include the measurement of specific enzymes that seep into blood if the liver is inflamed. The bilirubin test measures the amount of this pigment in the blood.

Hepatitis A is usually spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with infected feces or through close contact with an infectious person. While children often do not have symptoms when infected they are still able to infect others. It is usually communicated as the result of poor hygiene or through personal contact. The incubation period for hepatitis A lasts about two or six weeks, so the disease can spread widely before countermeasures are taken. Most patients recover within a few months. Serious complications are rare. After a single infection, a person is immune for the rest of their life. Complications are possible among the elderly and those who already have liver problems, such as alcoholics.

Hepatitis B is spread through infected body fluids like blood, semen, saliva, suppurating sores, or breast milk. It does not spread by simple physical contact, holding hands, sharing eating utensils, kissing, hugging, coughing, sneezing. The incubation period for hepatitis B lasts from one to six months, so it is usually impossible to tell how it was acquired. Once recovered, the infected person will be immune to any later reinfection with this particular virus, although person may contract one of the other hepatitis viruses. Someone infected with hepatitis B may fully recover and have no symptoms and yet remain a carrier capable of infecting others through sexual contact, shared hypodermic needles, and shared food or drinks.

Many individuals who are infected with hepatitis C have no symptoms and never realize that they have the disease. Most people with hepatitis C become chronically infected. This disease is spread primarily by blood-to-blood contact associated with intravenous drug use, poorly sterilized medical equipment, and transfusions, tattoo procedures, shared personal items (e.g. toothbrushes, manicuring equipment). People with strong immune systems may recover spontaneously from hepatitis C without treatment. Those with chronic hepatitis C who are not treated or not cured by treatment may live normal lives, but they remain carriers of the disease and can infect others. Some people with chronic hepatitis C develop complications like cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer.

Hepatitis D attacks individuals who have already had hepatitis B. The virus does not cause the disease by itself but worsens infections of hepatitis B; a person may get the two forms of hepatitis at the same time. It is transmitted through the same routes as hepatitis B, through bodily fluids from shared IV needles or unprotected sex. Hepatitis D is usually suspected when the condition of someone with hepatitis B suddenly becomes severely worse. It is diagnosed with tests that reveal hepatitis D antibodies in the blood.

Hepatitis E is almost non-existent in developed countries; it is found mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and in Asia. It is similar to hepatitis A and spreads primarily through contaminated water supplies, with an incubation period that lasts from about two to six weeks. It is not transmitted by sexual contact, contaminated blood, IV needles, or other bodily fluids. Most people with hepatitis E recover from it on their own within a few months.

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions to the text:

1. What are the causes of hepatitis?

2. How is hepatitis detected?

3. How is hepatitis A spread?

4. How can hepatitis В be transmitted?

5. What complications may develop in patients with hepatitis C?

6. How is hepatitis D diagnosed?

7. When is hepatitis considered chronic?

8. What are the symptoms of hepatitis?

Exercise 7. Match the terms with their definitions:

Exercise 8. Read the definitions and fill in the blanks with the name of disease below:

1. ____________is a type of liver disease that can lead to scarring of the liver and ultimately to cirrhosis.

2. __________ is an acute but benign form of viral hepatitis.

3. __________is malignant neoplastic disease of the liver.

4. __________ is a type of liver disease that is not prevalent in most developing countries, but common in any country with a hot climate.

5. __________ is a type of liver disease that includes inflammation and damage to cells.

6. __________ is a type of liver disease that attacks persons who already have suffered from hepatitis B.

7. __________ is a type of liver disease that is spread through body fluids and can be acute or chronic.

Exercise 9. Find the English equivalents to the following word-combinations:

Виявляти антитіла гепатиту Д в крові; біль у ділянці печінки; спільні голки для підшкірних ін’єкцій; просочуватися у кров; інкубаційний період; видужувати від гепатиту протягом кількох місяців; переливання крові; заражена їжа та вода; розвивати ускладнення такі як недостатність печінки; інфіковані рідини тіла; майже неіснуючий; рани, що гнояться; залишатися носієм, здатнимінфікувати інших.

Exercise 10. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate prepositions:

The majority … cases … hepatitis are caused … viruses, some … which are specific … hepititis; others produce hepatitis as a related consequence. Five types … hepititis viruses are recognized and diagnosed as specifically causing the liver inflammation known as hepatitis. They are called hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Symptoms are similar … all … these viruses and include dark urine, appetite loss, fatigue, jaundice … the skin and whites … the eyes, bloating and abdominal cramps, low-grade fever, pale or clay-coloured stools, and fatigue. Diagnosis … most cases is guided … blood tests, which reveal antibodies, specific … one of the forms … hepatitis, or elevated liver enzymes.

Exercise 11. Find synonyms in the text to the following words:

Exercise 12. Rearrange the words to make up sentences:

1. people/ Many/ hepatitis В or С/ do not/ with/ symptoms/ are/ when/ have/ I they/ first/ infected.

2. and/ Hepatitis A/ is/ serious/ of/ diseases/ these/ mildest/ the least.

3. acute/ hepatitis/ People/ with/ any/ avoid/ alcohol/ should/ and/ substances/

are/ toxic/ that/ to the liver.

4. Over 85%/ with/ 3 months/ people/ hepatitis A/of / recover/ within.

5. are/ caused/ Hepatitis A and Е/ by/ typically/ or/ of/contaminated/ ingestion/ food/ water.

6. infection/ limited/ Acute/ occur/ may/ with/ symptoms/ no/ or.

7. are/ There/ main/ as/ hepatitis/ viruses, / types/ referred to/ five/ А, В, C, D and E.

8. В usually/ Hepatitis В, C and D/ occur/ fluids/ infected/ as/ of/ a result/ contact/ parenteral/ with/ body.

Exercise 13. Put questions to the underlined words:

1. Hepatitis is characterized by the presence of inflammatorycells in the tissue of the organ.

2. Hepatitis is caused by a number of different argents, including viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxic drugs.

3. All forms of hepatitis share similar symptoms.

4. The bilirubin test measures the amount of this pigment in the blood.

5. People with strong immune systems may recover spontaneously from hepatitis C without treatment.

6. On physical examination the physician can reveal abnormal enlargement of the liver by palpitation

7. The incubation period for hepatitis A lasts about two or six weeks.

8. Hepatitis B is spread through infected body fluids like blood, semen.

Exercise 14. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:

1. The physician (to make) diagnosis hepatitis A after the results of blood and urine analyses.

2. He (to spend) nearly a year in hospital being treated for hepatitis.

3. Needle-sharing (to be) the No. 1 risk factor in contracting hepatitis C and HIV.

4. Chronic hepatitis C (to develop) complications like cirrhosis, liver failure, or liver cancer.

5. On physical examination the physician (to reveal) abnormal enlargement of the liver two days ago.

6. Different parts of the world (to suffer) from a variety of different diseases such as hepatitis A and B, typhoid, yellow fever and malaria.

7. In hepatitis A, there (to be) an incubation period of 8–18 days between initial infection and first symptoms.

8. The nurse (to make) an injection to a patient with hepatitis B now.

Exercise 15. Use the plan to tell about hepatitis:

1. Cause

2. Types

3. Ways of transmission

4. Symptoms

5. Complications

Exercise 16. Put the sentences into the correct order to explain the term “hepatitis”:

__ Hepatitis are caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, toxic drugs, toxins, or diseases of the immune system.

__Five viruses have been identified that produce hepatitis A, B, C, D and E.

__ All forms of hepatitis share similar symptoms, including dark urine, appetite loss, fatigue, bloating, jaundiced skin colouring, yellowing of the whites the eyes, nausea and vomiting.

__ Hepatitis is a medical condition defined by the inflammation of the liver.

__ Some forms of hepatitis are spread through close contact with an infectious person and contaminated food or water, another are spread through infected body fluids like blood, semen, saliva or breast milk.

Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)

Test

1 Hepatitis is a medical condition defined by the inflammation of the….

a) lung b) liver c) kidney d)gallbladder e) spleen

2. On physical examination the physician can reveal abnormal enlargement of the liver by….

a) auscultation b) percussion c) inspection d) palpitation e) blood analysis

3. The bilirubin test measures the amount of bilirubin pigment in.

a) the urine b) the blood c) the saliva d) the sputum e) the feces

4. there are … types of hepatitis.

a) two b) three c) four d) five e) six

5. The incubation period for hepatitis A lasts about ….

a) two-seven days b) two months c) two or six weeks d) six months

e) two hours

6. Hepatitis D attacks individuals who have already had….

a) hepatitis A b) hepatitis B c) hepatitis C d) hepatitis E e) hepatitis F

7. Hepatitis is accompanied by ….

a) bleeding b) aging c) overweight d) dark urine e) rash

8. Hepatitis B is spread by ….

a) simple physical contact b) holding hands c) blood d) hugging e) sneezing

9. People with chronic hepatitis C develop complication like ….

a) tuberculosis b) heart failure c) liver failure d) kidney failure e) pneumonia

10 Hepatitis E is similar to … and spreads primarily through contaminated water.

a) hepatitis b) hepatitis B c) hepatitis C d) hepatitis E e) hepatitis F

Exercise 1. Topic Vocabulary:

Exercise 2. Read the word combinations with the new words and translate them into Ukrainian:

1. Health: poor health, in good health, mental health, public health, health service, a health worker, health insurance, to affect health, harmless to one's health, bad / broken / failing / feeble / fragile / frail / ill / poor health.

2. Treatment: free medical treatment, supportive treatment, antibiotic treatment, emergency treatment, hydropathic treatment, treatment by suggestion, to answer to the medical treatment.

Exercise 3. Put the names of diseases in the appropriate column:

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), chicken pox, diarrhea, diphtheria, dysentery, enteric fever, flu (influenza, grippe), German measles (rubella), hepatitis, meningitis, mumps, measles, polio, robeola, scabies, tetanus, tuberculosis, whooping cough, scarlet fever.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the following word combinations:

Inflamed eyes, tiny white spots on the lining of the cheek, inhalation of infecting droplets, sneeze, to avoid the disease, fetal death, swollen lymph nodes, clinical name, inflammation of the pancreas, testicles and ovaries, in infants, infected airborne droplets, nasal congestion, cause shingles, to produce a specific type of toxin, characteristic symptoms and signs, sore throat, permanently immune, first trimester of pregnancy, itchy.

Exercise 5. Read and translate the text: