Topics. Check yourself.

1. Oil Company structure and personnel.

2. Hydrocarbons origin.

3. Well drilling.

4. Wellhead equipment.

5. Valves.

6. Service rig equipment.

7. Well completion.

8. Well swabbing and testing.

9. Tripping pipe. Fishing job.

10. Pipelines.

11. Safety.

КЛЮЧИ К УПРАЖНЕНИЯМ

LESSON 1

EХ.4.

1. Logistics, Drilling, Completions, Production, Materials, Safety. Invironment, Security, Construction.

2. Maintenance, Welders, Mechanics, Catering, Drivers.

3. Perforating jobs, acid stimulation, fishing jobs, well testing, swabbing, workover.

4. Production, Well testing, Mechanics, Instrumentation, Electricians.

5. Purchasing of materials and equipment, warehouses and pipeyards, materials storage and distribution.

6. Capital Projects - long terms construction of buildings, plants and facilities. General Construction - short terms construction of roads, pipelines and small projects.

7. Invironment protection from pollution, oil spills clean up.

8. Driller, assistant driller, derrickman, roughneck.

9. Keep operative communication with the superintendent and site supervisors, help solving arising problems at sites.

10. Equal. Different departments.

11. Supervisor is responsible for technological operations, tool-pusher is responsible for equipment and personnel.

EX.6.3.

1. Welders and a safety man.

2. Accident with a pipe-bender, unauthorized personnel at the shop, usage of equipment, shop clean up, safety clothes, first aid kits.

3. The pipe-bender broke loose and hit one welder causing injury.

4. People who do not know how to use equipment can injure themselves and others.

5. Clean up all metal scrap and garbage.

6. Coveralls, steel toed boots, safety glasses, gloves, hard hats.

LESSON 2

EX.1.

1. Останки древнейших животных и растений.

2. Продолжительность периодов непрерывных условий.

3. Нефть и газ легче воды.

4. Карбонатные и обломочные.

5. Наличие пространства между частицами породы.

6. С какой легкостью жидкость может перемещаться через пористую породу.

7. Пласт, содержащий только свободную воду.

8. Песчаники, известняки, доломиты.

9. Сырая нефть и попутный газ.

10. Твердое, жидкое и газообразное.

11. Высокое пластовое давление.

ЕХ.5.

1. Oil and gas exist underground in microscopic pores.

2. Much of the oil began as the remains of ancient plants and animals.

3. Accumulation of organic matter depended upon durability of geological periods.

4. As oil was lighter than water it tended to rise.

5. Not all rocks are capable of being a reservoir rock.

6. Permeability refers to how easy oil can travel through pores.

7. Limestones and dolomites contain oil, they are sedimentary rocks.

8. As a rule crude oil contains gas.

EX.8.2.

1. Fluids move from regions of high pressure to regions of low pressure.

2. Pressure at the well bottom.

3. Pressure at surface.

4. Pressure at surface when the well is shut-in.

5. Bottom.

6. Pressure within fluid column.

7. Reservoir pressure should be greater than fluid column hydrostatic

pressure.

8. Permeability of the reservoir rock, area of flow into the wellbore,

fluid viscosity.