Analyze the access to foreign markets and trading methods

Access to a market refers to the ease with which foreign firms can supply the market, either through trade (imports and exports) or through foreign direct investment (FDI). A variety of factors determines access to domestic and foreign markets, including most notably the following three that this node will focus on:

Tariff barriers, which is taxation on foreign imports designed to raise their price and thus protect domestic industries.

Non-tariff barriers, which includes all non-tariff barriers that restrict imports, such as import quotas, administrative entry procedures (e.g. bureaucratic delays at customs), standards for certain products and government interventions (e.g. in the form of subsidies to domestic firms).

Legal conditions that limit or encourage foreign firms’ entry and the immigration of potentially innovative entrepreneurs.

Access to foreign and domestic markets can provide innovative businesses with learning opportunities and with products and services that support their innovation processes. Improved access to foreign markets may also increase the market size and the performance of innovative companies. Evidence confirms the positive effect of access to foreign and domestic markets on innovative firms. Yet the degree to which markets are open differs across countries. Access to foreign and domestic markets can be facilitated by migrants. Access to finance and business support infrastructure are often critical in accessing foreign markets. Several policies, including reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers and providing support to enter foreign markets, can help innovative businesses.

Access to foreign markets can support innovative businesses through learning effects:

→ Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) may benefit innovative firms through technology and knowledge transfer, skills enhancement and enterprise development through inter-firm linkages and spillover effects. Foreign direct investment is often considered an efficient way to diffuse technology and better business methods to firms, and to contribute, thereby, to firms’ expansion and international competitiveness

→ Imports can also serve as a channel for technology diffusion and as a foundation for domestic innovation by allowing domestic firms to access foreign technologies. These foreign technologies may typically be used in the form of intermediate production inputs for domestic firms’ product innovation, process innovation, marketing and organisational innovation.

→ Improved access to foreign markets may help innovative companies learn about market opportunities for new products. Business activity in foreign markets helps firms understand trends in demand for products and services. It can improve a firm’s ability to reflect those demands in their products and services.

10.Analyze the settlements in international trade

“ The Regulation of International Trade is a tour de force that comprehensively analyzes the complete range of WTO treaty rules and case law on an agreement-by-agreement basis, bringing to bear insightful and thorough legal and economic analysis. In process of development of world trade more and more actual was a question of participation of the state in this process. For today two concepts of the state relation to world trade were created and realized:

protectionism;

free trade.

The idea of protectionism in foreign trade is formulated by merkantilist in the XV-XVII centuries. Its essence in the following: in interests of own national production the state actively regulates foreign trade, in every possible way encouraging export and limiting import.

During industrial revolution the concept of free trade - a a free trade widely extended. According to it the state pursues policy of liberalization of foreign trade, opening domestic market for foreign goods, the captain and labor.

In real life the state in the foreign trade policy is compelled to create elements and protectionism, and a free trade. As a rule, they are divided into two groups.

The first group - the customs duties (tariffs). These are the traditional and most actively applied means state regulations of foreign trade: import (fiscal and protectionist), export and transit duties. The mechanism of their application is rather simple: the unit of measure of imported goods or unit of the cost of goods declared by the importer is assessed with a tax in the form of duty that leads to rise in price of imported goods in domestic market.

The second group of instruments of state regulation - non-tariff restriction (or so-called non-tariff barriers). Carry to them: administrative ban on import; quantitative restrictions (so-called quoting); introduction of standards of health care, safety, environmental friendliness, establishment of level of minimum price; introduction of rules on packaging and marking; etc.

The special role in regulation of international trade is carried out by the multilateral agreements existing within:

GATT (General agreement on tariffs and trade)

WTO (World Trade Organization)

GATS (General agreement on trade in services)

TRIPS (Agreement on trade aspects of intellectual property rights)

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was created alongside other towering achievements of the post-World War II era, including the United Nations, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund. GATT, the first successful agreement to generate multilateral trade liberalization, became the principal institution to administer international trade for the next six decades. In this book, Petros Mavoidis offers detailed examination of the GATT regime for international trade, discussing the negotiating record, policy background, economic rationale, and case law.

11. Analyze information services

In parallel with the market of information services the market of services of electronic processing and information transfer started being formed.In the mid-sixties databases which contained various arrays of information on various subjects became a main type of information services.In the mid-seventies there was the first global network of data transmission. Respectively the new type of information services - information search on remote servers, in remote databases began to develop. the 80th years the information industry gets the increasing influence on economic and social life of society.

An Information System is any combination of information technology and people‘s activities using that technology to support operations, management, and decision-making. IS (information system) is the collection of technical and human resources that provide the storage, computing, distribution, and communication for the information required by all or some part of an enterprise. A special form of IS is a management information system (MIS), which provides information for managing an enterprise. Professionals in this sector provide information to the public or to specific companies, industries or groups of people. As well as providing the information, be it hard copy or electronic, information professionals also organise and store information. Traditionally this would be in a library but now that technology has hugely increased the ways that information can be stored, retrieved and organised, job roles have changed too. Any specific information system aims to support operations, management and decision making. An information system is the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, and also the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.

Some authors make a clear distinction between information systems, computer systems, and business processes. Information systems typically include an ICT component but are not purely concerned with ICT, focusing instead on the end use of information technology. Information systems are also different from business processes. Information systems help to control the performance of business processes.

Information services can include:

· Selection of information on specific problems, objects, firms, natural persons.

· check of business partners in basic data.

· The help in search of business orchestra seats by the set criteria.

· Preparation of materials for carrying out business negotiations and analytical researches.

· Check and assessment of reliability of information which is available for the client.

Also information services mean selection of information on specific problems, objects, firms, natural persons and the help in search of business partners in the set criteria.Now there are many various organizations specializing on collecting and the analysis of similar data on inquiries of clients.

12.Analyze the development of international tourism

Tourism is travel for pleasure; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours. Tourism may be international, or within the traveler's country. The World Tourism Organization defines tourism more generally, in terms which go " beyond the common perception of tourism as being limited to holiday activity only ", as people " traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes" Tourism can be domestic or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments. Today, tourism is a major source of income for many countries, and affects the economy of both the source and host countries, in some cases being of vital importance.

Tourism suffered as a result of a strong economic slowdown of the late-2000s recession, between the second half of 2008 and the end of 2009, International tourism receipts (the travel item in the balance of payments) grew to US$1.03 trillion (€740 billion) in 2011, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 3.8% from 2010. International tourist arrivals surpassed the milestone of 1 billion tourists globally for the first time in 2012, the same year in which China became the largest spender in international tourism globally with US$102 billion, surpassing Germany and United States. China and emerging marketssuch as Russia and Brazil had significantly increased their spending over the previous decade.

Tourism brings in large amounts of income into a local economy in the form of payment for goods and services needed by tourists, accounting for 30% of the world's trade of services, and 6% of overall exports of goods and services.^[5] It also creates opportunities for employment in the service sector of the economyassociated with tourism.

The service industries which benefit from tourism include transportation services, such as airlines, cruise ships, and taxicabs; hospitality services, such asaccommodations

International tourist arrivals reached 1.035 billion in 2012, up from over 996 million in 2011, and 952 million in 2010. In 2011 and 2012, international travel demand continued to recover from the losses resulting from the late-2000s recession, where tourism suffered a strong slowdown from the second half of 2008 through the end of 2009. After a 5% increase in the first half of 2008, growth in international tourist arrivals moved into negative territory in the second half of 2008, and ended up only 2% for the year, compared to a 7% increase in 2007.