Read and translate the text into Ukranian.

Human language is, perhaps, the most astonishing creation of man. It helps us to think, to express our thoughts and to understand each other. We make use of it in practically everything we do.

Language is a means of communication in human society. People can use other means of communication, such as red lights or flags, but these signs are interpreted into human language. So language is the normal form and the main means of communication in human society.

We cannot say anything definite about the origin of language. But we realize now that language is a product of human society and it can exist only in human society.

Man (" homo sapiens") is the only living being with the power of speech. The appearance of language on our planet is as recent as the appearance of man himself. Labour and language are distinctive and exclusive marks of human beings. Without them the growth and progress of human society is unthinkable. Human speech differs greatly from the signal-like actions of animals, even of those, which use the voice. Dogs, for instance, make only two or three kinds of noise — say barking, growling and whining. In human speech different sound combinations have different meanings.

Primitive people had a few hundred words at the most. Today highly cultured nations have more than seven hundred thousand words in their dictionaries. This means that now people can communicate by words much better than they did it in the remote past. The rapid growth of thevocabulary of modern languages is due to the development of science and technology.

But spoken languages were easy to forget; so people invented writing to record them. Writing is a way of recording language by means of visible marks. The first form of writing was picture writing. Symbols representing the sounds of a language appeared much later. The art of writing made it possible to fix thoughts and to store knowledge, and to pass them on from one generation to another.

Mankind speaks many languages. A group of people who use the same system of speech signals is a speech community. Speech communities differ greatly in size. An American Indian tribe of only a few hundred persons speaks language of its own. On the other hand, there are some speech communities that are very large.

English has several hundred million native speakers. For them English is their mother tongue. Millions of people with some other native language learn English for business, professional or political purposes. For them English is not their mother tongue but a foreign language. Ukrainian, Russian, French, German, Chinese and some other languages also have vast numbers of speakers.

There are people who know three, four, five or six languages. They are polyglots. They study languages because knowledge of languages is their speciality or hobby.

For a modern engineer and research worker it is absolutely necessary to have practical command of foreign languages. A scientist who can read the literature of hiss field in several languages has a much better grasp of the subject.

Learning foreign languages enriches the native language, makes it clearer, more flexible and expressive.

Give English equivalents of the following Ukrainian words and word-combinations:

Людство, людська мова, людське суспільство, засіб спілкування, за допомогою, єдиний, дар мови, поява, немислимий, людина, спілкуватися словами, далеке минуле, швидкий ріст, розмовна мова, жива істота, мовна спільність, з іншого боку, рідна мова, практично володіти іноземною мовою, більш гнучкий і виразний.

Answer the following questions on the text:

1. Why is human language the most astonishing creation of man? 2. Are there other living beings with the power of speech? 3. What is the essential difference between human language and other types of languages? 4. Do we know the time and place of language appearance? 5. What can you tell about the growth of language in human society? 6. What is writing? 7. Do we know the exact number of languages mankind speaks? 8. What are the most widespread languages of the world? 9. What do you know about English (Ukrainian, Russian)? 10. How do you call people who speak many languages? 12. Do you know outstanding people who had a good command of many languages?