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Systems of the body
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There are several main systems of the body: the skeletal, the muscular, the nervous, the digestive, the respiratory, the urinary, the endocrine and the reproductive systems.
The skeletal system consists of the bones of the body and ligaments and cartilages, which join them. The chief function of the skeletal system is structural.
The muscular system consists of the skeletal muscles and their associated structures. The main function of this system is to move us about.
The nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, nerves, ganglia and receptors. It is a complex information system with all the necessary means for receiving, processing and communicating information.
The circulatory system consists of the heart and blood vessels and the blood, which is pumped through the blood vessels by the heart. Its function is mainly that of transportation system: the nutrients, oxygen, special substances which are required by cells are carried by the blood stream; and the cellular wastes and sometimes other materials produced by the cells are carried away by the blood stream.
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and a number of associated glands.
The respiratory system consists of the lungs, the air passages leading to them and associated structures. Its main function is to convey oxygen to the lungs, where it can enter the blood stream and to remove carbon dioxide, which escapes from the blood into the lung spaces.
The urinary system consists of the kidneys which produce urine by removing nitrogenous and other wastes from the blood: the two ureters, which convey the urine away from the kidneys; the urinary bladder, where the urine is stored until it is discharged; and the urethra through which the urine is discharged.
The endocrine system consists of a number of glands throughout the body, which produce regulatory substances called hormones. The endocrine system serves to regulate a large number of activities
NOTES
1. To move us about – осуществлять наше движение
2. For receiving, processing and communicating information – для
получения обработки и передачи информации
3. Which are required by cells – которые необходимы клеткам
4 .by removing nitrogenous and other wastes – путем выведения
азотосодержащих и других продуктов отхода
5 where urine is stored – где накапливается моча
EXERCISES
EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
1. которые их соединяют
2. основная функция
3. со всеми необходимыми средствами
4. несколько основных систем
5. переносится кровотоком
6. ведущих к ним воздухоносных путей
7. где он поступает в кровоток
8. выводить мочу из почек
9. до тех пор, пока она не выведена
10. вырабатываются вещества – регуляторы
EXERCISE 2. Найдите в тексте предложения, которые содержат следующие слова и словосочетания:
1. main systems of the body
2. the skeletal system
3. to move about
4. a complex information system
5. to be pumped through the blood vessels
6. transportation system
7. a number of associated glands
8. to convey oxigen
9. until it is discharged
10. a large number of activities
EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What are the functions of the skeletal and muscular system?
2. What is carried by the blood stream?
3. What is the chief function of the blood?
4. What does the nervous system consist of?
5. What is the main function of the respiratory system?
6. What does the urinary system consist of?
7. How do the kidneys produce urine?
8. How is the urine discharged from the body?
EXERCISE 4. Составьте предложения из разбросанных слов:
1. The, system, begins, digestive, mouth, the, with.
2. Function, to remove, major, the, of, urinary, the, system, urine, is.
3. Is, the, system, of, complex, one, the, nervous, most, systems, all, of, body, human
4. Lymph, are, blood, and, the, tissues, body, of, liquid, the.
5. Includes, muscles, the, and, musculoskeletal, system, bones, joints.
EXERCISE 5. Вставьте пропущенные слова:
1. Another important function of the kidney is to maintain the … balance of water, salt and acid in the body fluids.
2. The brain is the … center for regulating and coordinating body activities.
3. Respiration is the … process of breathing.
4. The blood and lymphatic systems have many ….
5. Joints are the places where … come together.
6. The endocrine system is composed of … located in different regions of the body.
EXERCISE 6. Вставьте артикль там, где необходимо.
1. … main systems of … body have groups of organs working together to perform complex functions.
2. … mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines are organs which compose … digestive system.
3. There are some organs within … each system.
4. … circulatory system is also called … cardiovascular system.
5. The main function of … respiratory system is to convey … oxygen and to remove … carbon dioxide
EXERCISE 7. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:
1. Организм человека насчитывает несколько систем. Это группы органов, совместно функционирующие для выполнения сложных функций организма человека.
2. Пищеварительная система начинается в полости рта.
3. Нервная система – это самая сложная информационная система.
4. Главная функция мышечной системы – это осуществление движения.
5. Суставы – это места соединения костей.
6. Эндокринная система состоит из желез, расположенных в различных частях организма человека.
7. Скелетная система состоит из костей, а также связок и хрящей, соединяющих их.
8. Сердечно – сосудистая система выполняет транспортную функцию в организме
EXERCISE 8. Перескажите текст, пользуясь планом на с.65.
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