Participle I as a predicative.

In this function Participle I is used but seldom; it is usually rendered in Russian by an adjective.

The effect of her words was terrifying. — Впечатление, произ­веденное ее словами, было страшно. The whole damned day had been humiliating. (Priestley) — Весь этот ужасный день был унизительным.

4. Participle I as part of a complex object.

I saw that young man and his wife talking to you on the stairs. (Galsworthy) — Я видел, как этот молодой человек и его жена разговаривали с вами на лестнице.

5. Participle I as part of a compound verbal predicate.

Presently other footsteps were heard crossing the room below. (Hardy) — Вскоре они услышали, что через комнату внизу прошел еще кто-то.

(For detailed treatment of Participle I as part of a complex object and part of a compound verbal predicate see § 10, 11.)

6. Participial phrase as parenthesis.

Here we always find a participial phrase; a single participle is not used in this function.

Generally speaking, I don't like boys. (Dickens) — Вообще говоря, я не люблю мальчиков.

Judging by appearances, Mr. Bowmore looked like a man prematurely wasted and worn by the cares of a troubled life. (Collins) — Судя по внешности, мистер Баумор был человек преждевременно состарившийся и измученный тяготами жизни.

§ 8. The functions of Participle II in the sentence.

1. Participle II as an attribute.

When used as an attribute Participle II of transitive verbs cor­responds to the Russian страдательное причастие or действительное причастие of some verbs ending in -ся, e. g. a broken chair (сломан­ный стул), a broken cup (разбитая чашка), a newspaper published in Moscow (газета, издаваемая в Москве), the problem discussed at the meeting (вопрос, обсуждавшийся на собрании).

Participle II, as well as Participle I, can be used in pre-position (without any accompanying words) and in post-position (with one or more accompanying words).

He answered through the locked door. (Wells) — Он ответил сквозь закрытую дверь.

They turned into the large conservatory beautifully lit up with Chinese lamps. (Eliot) — Они свернули в большую оранжерею, красиво освещенную китайскими фонариками.

Participle II of intransitive verbs which denote passing into a new state, corresponds to the Russian действительное причастие or to an adjective. However, only in a few cases Participle II of an intransi­tive verb may be used attributively, mostly Participle II of the verbs to fade, to wither; to retire, to fall, to vanish, e. g. faded leaves (увядшие листья), a withered flower (засохший цветок), a retired colonel (от­ставной полковник), a fallen star (упавшая звезда), the vanished jewels (пропавшие драгоценности).

An attribute expressed by Participle II maybe detached; in this case j_t often has an additional meaning of an adverbial modifier:

The housekeeper had come out of her room, attracted by the violent ringing of the bell. (Conan Doyle) — Экономка вышла из своей комнаты, привлеченная неистовым звоном коло­кольчика.

Accompanied by his father and Steger, he (Cowperwood) as­cended to his new room. (Dreiser) — Сопровождаемый отцом и Стеджером (в сопровождении отца и Стеджера), он поднялся в свою новую комнату.

Crushed at first by his imprisonment, he had soon found a dull relief in it. (Dickens) — Поначалу сломленный своим пре­быванием в тюрьме, он вскоре нашел в этом какое-то тупое облегчение.

2. Participle II as an adverbial modifier.

In this function Participle II is preceded by the conjunctions when, while, if, as if, as though, though, etc. It is generally rendered in Russian by an adverbial clause.

Participle II can be an adverbial modifier:

(а) of time.

When questioned Annie had implied vaguely... that she was anxious about her brother-in-law. (Cronin) — Когда Энни стали расспрашивать, она дала понять..., что беспокоится о своем шурине.

(b) of condition.

It was a dreadful thing that he now proposed, a breach of the law which, if discovered, would bring them into the police court. (Cronin) — To, что он предлагал, было ужасно: это было нарушение закона, и если бы оно открылось, их отдали бы под суд.

(c) of comparison.

As if torn with inner conflict and indecision, he cried. (Gals­worthy) — Он плакал, словно его мучили внутренняя борьба и сомнения.

Mr. Kantwise... shook his head as though lost in wonder and admiration. (Trollope) — Мистер Кэнтуайз... покачал головой, словно переполненный чувством удивления и восхищения.