Operating system

An operating system (also called an OS) is a piece of software that is needed to run the programs on a computer or a mobile device. The programs that run on an operating system talk to the hardware.

An operating system must be made up of different parts: (these can change depending on the operating system)

· kernel and drivers

· computer programs and software

A kernel is the central part of an operating system. It manages the tasks of the computer and the hardware - most notably memory and CPU time.

There are two types of kernels:

· A microkernel, which only contains basic functionality;

· A monolithic kernel, which contains many drivers.

A computer user never interacts directly with the kernel. It runs behind the scenes and cannot be seen, except for the text logs that it prints.

Tasks commonly done by operating systems:

· Interaction with the user, and management of attached devices (such as USB flash drives)

· Management of programs (things like starting and stopping them)

· Management of resources like processor time: Making sure each program gets a fair amount of power.

· The reading and writing of data

· Memory management: virtual memory, paging or swapping

Examples of popular modern operating systems include Android, BSD, iOS, Linux, Mac OS X, QNX, Microsoft Windows, Windows Phone, and IBM z/OS. All these, except Windows and z/OS, share roots in UNIX.

1. Find the English equivalents in the text:

Запускати операційну сиситему, в залежності від операційної системи, керувати завданнями, включати базовий функціонал, безпосередньо взаємодіяти, велика потужність, свопінг (підкачка сторінок), окрім, мати коріння.

2. Translate the following terms and terminological expressions:

Mobile device, kernel, microkernel, monolithic kernel, text log, attached device, USB flash drive, memory management, virtual memory, paging or swapping.