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IV. Translate the following text into Ukrainian and do the tasks to it. Producers have some notion of how much output they are willing and able to produce at various price levels






Producers have some notion of how much output they are willing and able to produce at various price levels. Likewise, consumers, businesses, governments, and the rest of the world have some notion of how much output they are willing and able to buy at different price levels. These forces of aggregate demand and aggregate supply confront each other in the market place. Eventually, buyers and sellers discover that only one «price-output» combination is acceptable to both sides. This is the «price-output» combination we designate as (macro) equilibrium.At equilibrium, the aggregate quantity of goods demanded exactly equals the aggregate quantity supplied. In the absence of macro disturbances, the economy will gravitate toward equilibrium — and stay there.

Dollar expenditures (total spending) are directly related to the flow of real goods and services; the level of employment depends on the willingness of people to spend their incomes. Businesses hire workers only if the goods and services such workers produce can be sold in product markets. Firms will demand more labor only if the demand for goods and services such labor produces is sufficiently strong.

In this sense we say that employers have a derived demand for labor, a demand that is derived from demands for final goods and services.

Consumer expenditures account for two-thirds of total spending in the U.S. economy. We need to determine what factors influence the rate of consumption and thus the potential for achieving full employment.

Consumption decisions are influenced by a variety of forces, including income, prices, interest rates, wealth and expectations.

Disposable income (Dl) represents the amount of income consumers can actually choose to spend or not spend (save) in a given time period.

Business firms purchase a new plant and equipment for the purpose of expending or improving their output capabilities; such purchases are called fixed investment. Firms also acquire inventories of goods that can be used to satisfy consumer demands; such expenditures are called inventory investment. Both forms of investment represent a demand for output and are therefore counted as part of aggregate spending.

VI. Give English equivalents of the following:

купувати з метою розширення наймати робітників

та поліпшення виробничих особистий прибуток

можливостей рівень зайнятості

передбачення майбутнього загальні витрати

збуту та прибутків рівень цін

задовольнити потреби споживача у цьому розумінні

учасники ринкових відносин

 

VII. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. Aggregate demand is the total... of output demanded at alterative price levels in a given time period.

2. Equilibrium is the... of price level and real output that is compatible with both... and aggregate supply.

3.... is the total quantity of output pro­ducers are willing and able to supply at alternative price levels in a given time period.

4. Aggregate spending is the rate of total... desired at alternative levels of income.

5. The role of business firms in factor markets is... available workers and other factors of production to produce... and....

6. In fact all of the income spent in product markets ends up as income for....

7. Firms will... more labor only if the demand for the goods and services such labor producer is... strong.

8. Consumption decisions are influenced by a variety of forces, including..., prices,..., wealth and expecta­tions.

9. Investment is... on new plant and equipment in a given time period, plus changes in business inventories.

(aggregate supply; combination; market participants; expenditures; aggregate demand; quantity; to hire; goods; services; demand; sufficiently; expenditure; income; interest rates.)

 

VIII. Translate into English:

1. Загальний попит і загальна пропозиція протистоять одне одному. 2. Зрештою покупці та продавці з'ясову­ють, що тільки єдина комбінація «ціна — продукція» прий­нятна для обох сторін. 3. Збалансування — це комбінація рівня цін і реального випуску продукції, що поєднується з загальним попитом і загальним постачанням. 4. Похідний попит — це потреба в робочій силі та інших чинниках ви­робництва, що залежать від попиту на кінцеву продукцію і послуги. 5. Споживання — це витрата готових товарів і послуг споживачами. 6. Наявний прибуток становить пев­ну суму прибутку, яку споживачі можуть витрачати або ні за певний період. 7. Накопичення — та частина чистого прибутку, що не витрачається на поточне споживання






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